Grantee Research Project Results

2009 Progress Report: Metal Mixtures and Children’s Health

EPA Grant Number: R831725
Center: Health Effects Institute (2015 - 2020)
Center Director: Greenbaum, Daniel S.
Title: Metal Mixtures and Children’s Health
Investigators: Hu, Howard , Brain, Joseph D.
Institution: Harvard University
EPA Project Officer: Callan, Richard
Project Period: June 1, 2004 through May 31, 2009 (Extended to May 31, 2011)
Project Period Covered by this Report: June 1, 2008 through May 31,2009
Project Amount: $7,894,185
RFA: Centers for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research (2003) RFA Text |  Recipients Lists
Research Category: Children's Health , Human Health

Objective:

The Center for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention at the Harvard School of Public Health has just completed its fifth year. The final year of funding ended March 30, 2008. As of April 1, 2009, our Center continues, supported by several other grants, and especially by a no cost extension.

More and more, our Center has become a model of effective translational research. Our Center uses animal models to address fundamental mechanisms of metal pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of injury. It utilizes exposure measurements in humans, and also measures health outcomes in humans and animals. Most importantly, we involve the community. We have established effective lines of communication with individuals in the Tar Creek area, as well as with government stake-holders.

The community that forms our Children's Center, both in Boston and in Oklahoma, is eager to continue. We are convinced that our partnership is mutually productive and is making important contributions to science relevant to policy formation in relation to the health of children. In addition to maintaining some activities with our no cost extension, Dr. Robert Wright has taken the lead in crafting a competing renewal. Moreover, we envision several adjacent grants which will further develop some of our key themes. Dr. Bellinger obtained an R01 (ES016283-01) entitled "Metal Exposure and Children's Preschool Neurodevelopment." Drs. Wessling-Resnick and Brain submitted an NIH Challenge Grant focusing on metal mixtures and neurobehavioral outcomes – another extension of Children's Center themes.

Progress Summary:

Year 05 was marked by substantial progress in all Projects and Cores. Let us begin by discussing Project 1 entitled "Metals, Nutrition, and Stress in Child Development." This project is slowly recovering from a series of weather-related events which heavily impacted study activities. Following the flood and ice storms of 2007, there was an ice storm in February 2008. Then, in the summer of 2008, a tornado hit Picher, OK, and destroyed many homes as well as displaced some of a chat pile. A relative of one of our field staff workers died in this tornado. Generally, many study families as well as our staff were affected by these series of disasters.

We were able to reorganize by July 2008, and in the current grant year have recruited more than 80 new mothers. With the support of the new R01 mentioned earlier, the birth cohort established by the Center will continue until 2013. Recruitment will continue and we expect to increase the overall sample size to 600 children. The new R01 will follow subjects until age 6. In addition, because not all subjects will be six years old by 2006, we will see all subjects recruited in the coming year at birth and at age 4 years. We will conduct the intelligence tests that have been planned to test whether blood manganese and material stress influence Bayley scales.

Project 2 is entitled "Exposure Assessment of Children and Metals and Mining Waste: Composition, Environmental Transport, and Exposure Patterns." This project was also impacted by the flooding and other weather-related events which impacted field research in the Tar Creek area. In fact, the flood presented an opportunity to examine metal exposures caused by the deposition of sediments from Tar Creek and the Neosho River. This natural disaster allowed us to develop and deploy a geochemical fingerprint approach for different metal sources. Data were collected to examine the mixing that occurred during the flood and the resulting concentration patterns. We have also been studying mine waste pile runoff and seepage from underground mines. We have quantified the extent of metal transport into the Tar Creek watershed and how it relates to both active and inactive mines.

As part of our ongoing collaborations with Project 3, we are assessing the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Zn present in various mineralogical forms. We obtained samples of 5 zinc minerals from the Mineralogical Collection at Harvard's Museum of Natural History. Two of these minerals, sphalerite (ZnS) and hemimorphite (Zn silicate), were primary minerals present at the Tar Creek site. The mineralogical samples were pulverized and sieved to <37 μm. These fine-grained samples, in addition to a <37 μm chat sample, were neutron activated (NA) at MIT and aliquots were used in both in vivo bioavailability studies in rats and in vitro bioaccessibility tests using the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET), a simulated gastric fluid extraction.

As predicted, our results showed that sphalerite was the least bioaccessible form of Zn, which was consistent with previous studies showing that metal sulfides have low bioavailability. Similarly, in vivo Zn absorption studies in rats showed that sphalerite had the lowest bioavailability of all the minerals tested. We also expected that smithsonite (ZnCO3) would have high bioaccessibility, since metal carbonates are thought to be highly bioavailable. While the bioaccessibility of smithsonite was substantially higher than that of sphalerite, the other three minerals all had even higher bioaccessibility than smithsonite. For all samples, the bioaccessibility as measured using NA samples was higher than those measured using ICP-MS. We will determine whether these differences are due to the different solid:liquid ratio used, to the NA process and resulting pool of potentially leachable metals, or to the methods of determining the total amount of Zn present. For instance, the "total" Zn in the NA samples was determined directly by measuring 65Zn in the samples prior to extraction, whereas the "total" Zn in the non-NA samples was based on theoretical values, which could underestimate bioaccessibility if there are impurities in the minerals.

Project 3 is utilizing a pregnant rat model to better understand metal exposures of children and their mothers in contaminated settings like Tar Creek by (1) utilizing exposures during and after pregnancy and lactation, (2) using metal ions as well as complex environmental samples from Tar Creek, and (3) comparing different routes of entry from the environment into the body. Rats are being exposed during gestation, lactation, and after weaning by intratracheal instillation, by gavage, via intranasal administration, or by intravenous injection. Our data clearly shows that the absorbed dose of metals in critical organs such as the brain depends on route of entry and duration of exposure. They also indicate that uptake from the nose and the lungs may be underappreciated in contrast to ingestion. Analyses of these data will be used to help estimate the relative risks of metals from different exposures, e.g. eating contaminated food and water, inhaling airborne chat particles, or children playing in contaminated playgrounds. Adjacent studies have helped us understand molecular mechanisms of metal transport in both normal and mutant rats, and to elucidate mechanistic differences between manganese and iron absorption.

As mentioned earlier, a family of zinc minerals was characterized in cooperation with Project 2. Our studies with neutron-activated particles demonstrated a good correlation between the surface area of particles, as determined by nitrogen adsorption and in vivo bioavailability results. The greater the surface area per gram, the greater the zinc bioavailability. We also continued our studies on chat particles and employed elemental analysis by neutron-activation to examine the transport and retention of specific chat-associated metals – primarily 59Fe or 65Zn. We continue to be interested in mechanisms of manganese and iron absorption from the lungs and nose and the influence of iron status on iron absorptive kinetics. We studied olfactory absorption of 54Mn in Belgrade rats, an animal model of DMT1 deficiency, and established that transport of intranasally instilled metal from the nasal cavity to the blood was impaired. Moreover, this pathway of manganese absorption was enhanced in anemic rats relative to iron-sufficient controls. These findings are significant because they suggest that neurotoxicity of inhaled manganese may be modified by iron status.

A final series of experiments, carried out in collaboration with Project 4, studied exposure to manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) during early development. We showed that exposures during this time may be related to impaired learning and cognitive functions, as well as higher distractibility and impulsiveness, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Manganese exposed pups (but not lead exposed) were more impulsive than control pups. Both manganese and lead exposed pups displayed lower overall velocities of movement when compared with control pups. We also observed that pups from dams given manganese (Mn) or lead (Pb) had significantly lower body weight and higher blood and brain concentrations of the respective metal. These data will be useful in assessing the relative risks for metal toxicity of various exposures to metals. The pharmacokinetic results from chat studies show differences in absorption, vascular kinetics and tissue retention of 59Fe or 65Zn from irradiated chat administered via different routes in rats. Significant differences were also observed as a function of particle size. Smaller, respirable chat had higher metal bioavailability when inhaled or ingested. Data from these studies will be used to assist in estimating the relative risks of metals from different exposures, e.g., eating contaminated food and water, inhaling airborne chat particles, or children playing in contaminated playgrounds.

Project 4 has utilized exposures to metals, especially by ingestion, and has focused on behavioral and neurochemical outcomes. Changes in body weight and other health and disease indicators have also been seen. This project utilizes exposures via drinking water. Project 4 emphasizes the long term consequences of perinatal exposure to different concentrations of manganese and lead. Emphasized are behavioral changes and changes in neurochemistry. Project 4 worked closely with Core B (Analytical Chemistry) to quantify levels of heavy metals in the blood and brain of the offspring of exposed mothers. Increases in brain levels of lead and manganese was dose related and was demonstrable in multiple brain tissues, including cortex, hippocampus, and brain stem. The Morris Water Maze and the elevated-plus maze (EPM) were performed in rats to assess impulsivity and hyperactivity. These results provide evidence that exposure to manganese chloride and lead acetate during gestation and lactation cause subtle neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes resulting from a wide range of exposure levels. These results provide the evidence that exposure to MnCl₂ and Pb acetate during gestation and lactation causes subtle neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes resulting from a wide range of the exposure levels. The data also emphasized the significance of the low doses of MnCl₂ and Pb acetate exposures, as impulsivity and hyperactivity were observed from both male and female rats with Pb acetate 2.5-25 μg/ml (blood Pb level lower than 10 μg/dL). In contrast, these neurobehavioral deficits were not shown from high concentration of Pb acetate (2500-4000 μg/ml) that produced very high Pb level in blood and brain tissues. Additionally, low doses of MnCl₂ of 1.25 and 5 mg/ml, but not 10 mg/ml produced hyperactivity. However, we can not conclude that these neurobehavioral deficits did not occur with the high levels of MnCl₂ and Pb acetate, as other toxic effects resulting from high level exposures can obscure the impulsivity and hyperactivity. Learning and memory were also affected from MnCl₂ and Pb acetate exposures. Learning and memory impairment was shown from the medium to high level exposures of Pb acetate (Pb acetate of 100-250 μg/ml and 2500-4000 μg/ml), and MnCl₂ of each level (MnCl₂ 1.25, 5 and 10 mg/ml).

In addition to the neurobehaviors, the results from the microdialysis experiments demonstrate the neurochemical changes from the exposure to these metals. Both dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions were affected from MnCl₂ exposure, although a gender effect was apparent. Exposure to MnCl₂ 10 mg/ml in male and female rats had a smaller increase of K+ evoked glutamate levels than controls. This deficit might relate to the learning and memory impairment observed in male and female rats exposed to higher MnCl₂ levels. In contrast, there was a gender effect of MnCl₂ exposure on the basal and K+ evoked DA levels. The deficit was found only in female rats as evidenced by higher basal DA and decreased K+ evoked DA levels. That the deficit in dopaminergic neurotransmission was found only in female rats might be related to the hyperactivity found from MnCl₂ 1.25 and 5 mg/ml in female rats.

A very successful third meeting of the External Advisory Committee was held in Tar Creek, Oklahoma during our fourth year. This provided us with an opportunity to hear from the community we are studying, as well as gave us a chance to communicate our preliminary findings and advice about reducing risk. We recommend this to other Centers as a way of connecting more effectively with participating communities. We continue to maintain a monthly schedule of Project and Core meetings. The Chemistry Core is processing an increasing number of samples, especially for Project 2. A new apparatus is now being used to aerosolize chat samples, thus creating an opportunity to collect and characterize respirable particles, some of which will be neutron-activated by Project 3. The Biostatistics Core has been involved with multiple publications and continues to develop new analytic methods as needed. Increasingly, we are expanding our talent in regard to geographic information systems (GIS). Spatial analysis is emerging as an important tool. The Community Outreach and Translation Core is active. A comic book has been produced for use in Tar Creek. The Community Outreach and Translation Core has been unusually active and successful. Finally, the Administrative Core has fulfilled its role to implement its quality management plan.

Core A: Administration
Core Leader: Joseph Brain
Core Co-Leader: Robert Wright

During the past year, our Centers, like others, have adapted to the hiatus in funding caused by the delays in the Children's Center RFA being released. In spite of this, we've done our best to maintain our momentum and to plan for the future. Dr. Robert Wright will take over as the Director of our Children's Center, and has taken the lead in submitting a competing renewal. Adjacent to this is the planning and submission of multiple R01s and other grants, which will maintain our integrated and highly productive effort, focusing on metal exposures and neurobehavioral outcomes.

This year also was marked by continued reductions in exposures to toxic metals in Tar Creek. It is being increasingly documented by this Children's Center, as well as by other local, state, and federal agencies. Last year, our colleague, Rebecca Jim, in Tar Creek published a book sponsored by the LEAD Agency in Vinita, Oklahoma entitled "Making a Difference at the Tar Creek Superfund Site: Community Efforts to Reduce Risk." This is a compelling story of the past, present, and future of this Superfund site, well documented with personal stories and photographs. This year, Rebecca Jim edited another illustrated volume entitled "Disasters: Flood & Ice." This book documents with personal stories, photos, and drawings of adults and children the impact of the multiple disasters on the Tar Creek community and its interaction with mining wastes.

The Administrative Core continued to operate and update our website (http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/niehs/children ) that provides key information on each of the Projects and Cores and that has been used for updates on events, publications, and other developments.

Another activity of Core A is planning an international effort focusing on the prevention and mitigation of the environmental and health consequences of metal mining and smelting. This is being planned in conjunction with Dr. Mary Jean Brown at the CDC. We are developing a web of collaborators throughout the United States and in other countries who are working on this problem. Our vision is to emphasize the prevention of Superfund Sites. What global regulations should be in place that would make it less likely that metal mining will have persistent negative impacts.

Quality Assurance
The Center Quality Management Plan (QMP) requires QAPPs to be prepared for all research related activities and that an annual quality improvement audit be conducted for each research project. All QAPP's for all four projects are on file. During the period from September through October 2007, Jose Vallarino, the Center's Quality Assurance Officer, conducted quality improvement audits on all four research projects. The purpose of the audits was to assess whether all quality-related documents (Written Standard Operating Procedures, log sheets, logbooks and other required records were readily available and complete.)

Core B: Analytical Chemistry
Core Leader: John Spengler
Core Co-Leader: Jim Shine

The Analytical Chemistry Core has two components: the trace metal facilities and development of sampling equipment. The trace metal facilities are maintained to serve the analysis needs of the various projects. Trace metal analyses of blood, hair and urine samples collected at Tar Creek, OK continue. Last year's progress report summarized the levels of Pb, Mn and Cd measured in maternal and infant blood, as well as Pb, Mn, Cd and As measured in hair of mothers and newborns, and pilot studies on meconium and saliva. This report focuses on new developments. Reported here are the summaries of two recently initiated pilot studies involving our Tar Creek birth cohort. These are studies of metals in meconium and breast milk.

While the core did not develop new sampling equipment this year, we did purchase (with non-Center funds) a Niton XL3 Portable XRF device. After training and registering the use of an X-ray source in Oklahoma, this device was used in Tar Creek to survey surface soil for chat-related metals following tornadoes that ripped through the Pitcher, OK on May 10, 2008 to examine the extent that mine waste was further distributed throughout the community.

The core continues to provide training to visiting scientists and students on metal analyses. The core has made the Niton XRF device available to several students to explore metals in road dust, toys, house dust, paint and garden soils.

New Exposure Assessment

i. Metals in Meconium:
In 2007, the trace metals facility began developing methods for analyzing meconium (first postnatal stool) samples collected from birth cohort infants as part of Project 1. These methods were finalized in 2008, and the application of the analysis methods to samples collected at the Tar Creek Superfund Site has begun. In total, 124 samples were collected: 59 from infants enrolled in the cohort study, and 65 from infants not enrolled in the study. These non-cohort samples will be used to refine the sample analysis methodology and to give researchers a better sense of the distribution of metals levels found in meconium in the larger population.

Field staff collected each diaper containing meconium from all infants who participated in either the cohort or the non-cohort arm of the study. For the majority of infants, meconium from each diaper will be combined to create one large "pooled" sample. For a subset of infants, meconium from each diaper will be processed separately to allow us to detect any trends in meconium metal concentration over the pregnancy (it has been theorized that serial meconium samples reflect different time periods during gestation, with meconium samples excreted earliest representing earlier time periods and meconium samples excreted later representing later time periods).

Methods for each stage of sample preparation and analysis were tested in the first part of 2008. The digestion step in particular proved difficult to refine, but as of September 2008 all methods were finalized, with standard operating procedures in place. Samples are first transferred from the diaper into a trace-metal free container and freeze-dried for 3 days. After drying, samples are homogenized using a Spex SamplePrep Mixer/Mill and acid-digested in concentrated nitric acid using a microwave oven digestion method. Samples are analyzed using ICP/MS. Urine contamination of meconium samples appears to be common, and chloride ions in the urine can create an interference for arsenic when combined with the argon plasma in the ICP/MS instrument. Therefore, samples will be analyzed for As separately using the Dynamic Reaction Cell, which eliminates ArCl interference for As.

To date, 9 pooled samples from 9 infants and 34 serial samples from 10 infants have been analyzed for Pb, Cd, and As. Manganese analysis was delayed by a software problem which was discovered and fixed in November 2008; results are forthcoming.

Table C2.1 shows the results of our analyses thus far. Samples which were analyzed "serially" (where multiple samples were analyzed separately, instead of pooled, for each infant) have been mass-weighted and averaged to produce a good estimate of the metal concentrations for each infant, had we pooled the serial samples prior to analysis. These mass-weighted results (N=10 infants and 34 samples) have been combined with the results of the pooled sample analysis (N=9 infants and 9 samples) for presentation.

Table C2.1: Metal content in pooled meconium samples. Concentrations for serial samples were mass-weighted and averaged to produce an accurate estimate of a pooled sample. Results are presented only for values greater than the limit of detection. Concentrations are presented in nanograms of metal per gram of dry meconium (parts per billion).

Table C2.1: Metal content in pooled meconium samples. Concentrations for serial samples were mass-weighted and averaged to produce an accurate estimate of a pooled sample. Results are presented only for values greater than the limit of detection. Concentrations are presented in nanograms of metal per gram of dry meconium (parts per billion).

	Percent detect	Mean (SD)	Minimum	Maximum
Lead	74%	13.1(7.2)	1.05	27.9
Cadmium	37%	8.39(19.7)	0.65	53.0
Arsenic	95%	28.3(18.1)	6.73	73.5

Detectible levels of lead, cadmium, and arsenic were all in the range of 1 to 100 parts per billion. These levels are much lower than those reported in the few other studies that have presented analyses of metals in meconium (Ostrea et al., 2002; Turker et al., 2006). This may be due to lower exposure levels in our group, or to the greater sensitivity of the ICP/MS for detecting very low concentrations, or to some combination of the two.

Figures C2.1 through C2.3 show the results of the "serial" analysis of 10 infants' samples. Each figure presents meconium metal concentration vs. the time when the sample was collected, in hours postpartum. These figures suggest that metal concentration in meconium does increase in samples collected later in the postpartum window. The significance of this finding is unclear, but certainly warrants further exploration, as another study has also found increasing levels of environmental contaminants in serial meconium samples with increasing time from birth (Ortega García et al., 2006). Although the significance of these trends in serial meconium samples remains somewhat unclear, it is possible that serial samples represent different time periods in the pregnancy, and therefore different time windows for exposure. Increasing concentrations of environmental contaminants in serial meconium samples could therefore indicate higher exposures to the fetus later in the pregnancy. However, they could also indicate an increase in maternal-to-fetal transfer of these contaminants later in the pregnancy, or some other unexplored mechanism.

It is important to emphasize that these results are quite preliminary, and are based on analysis of a small percentage of the collected samples. Results are likely to change substantially as the remaining samples are analyzed.

Figure C2.1. Concentration of lead in serial meconium samples vs. the number of hours after birth that the sample was collected. For samples below the limit of detection, a value of half the limit of detection was applied. Concentrations are presented in nanograms of metal per gram of dry meconium (parts per billion).

Figure C2.2. Concentration of cadmium in serial meconium samples vs. the number of hours after birth that the sample was collected. For samples below the limit of detection, a value of half the limit of detection was applied. Concentrations are presented in nanograms of metal per gram of dry meconium (parts per billion).

Figure C2.3. Concentration of arsenic in serial meconium samples vs. the number of hours after birth that the sample was collected. For samples below the limit of detection, a value of half the limit of detection was applied. Concentrations are presented in nanograms of metal per gram of dry meconium (parts per billion).

ii. Metals in Breast Milk and Formula

With support of NIEHS center pilot grant we are planning to study "Metals in Breast Milk and Infant Formula – Exposures and a Potential New Biomarker of Early Biologic Effects in Infants Born near a Superfund Site". This project evaluates human exposure to metals in breast milk and formula among infants from communities surrounding the Tar Creek Superfund site. Concentrations of Pb, Mn, As, Cd, Zn, Fe and Cu in breast milk of lactating mothers will be measured at four time points: in the early postpartum period (up to 2 days after delivery), and at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. Since it is anticipated that not all mothers will be exclusively breastfeeding their infants, formula (as prepared for the infant) will also be collected. The breast milk (and formula) metals concentrations will then be used, in combination with information on infant feeding practices, to predict metals biomarker concentrations in blood, hair, nails, urine) from birth to 12 months of age in order to evaluate the contribution of infant feeding as a pathway of exposure. Finally, a secondary aim is to evaluate the modifying influence of metals exposure during pregnancy on the relationship between maternal plasma prolactin levels (measured at delivery) and the lactational transfer of metals into breast milk. Given the known influence of metals on maternal plasma prolactin levels, we will also investigate if infant plasma prolactin levels (measured in umbilical cord blood at delivery) are sensitive to metals exposure. A future study will address the potential for adverse health effects from breast milk through lactational transfer of toxicants. Preliminary data analyzed from this pilot study will allow us to clarify our specific aims related to prolactin as a new biomarker for reproductive toxicity of metals.

To date, we have developed environmental sampling protocols and begun field collection of breast milk and formula from our cohort. A total of 14 breast milk and 53 formula samples have been collected from 50 women. We have undertaken laboratory methods development for milk analysis of metals other than lead. After testing several sample preparation techniques we have validated the microwave digestion method as the method for analyzing multielements (Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Copper (Cu) and Arsenic (As), in breast milk and formula samples. Since Mo interferes with Cd analysis (most of the Cd isotopes have interference due to formation of MoO+ molecular ion) samples were also analyzed for molybdenum to see whether significant amount of Mo present in breast milk samples. Experiments confirmed that low concentration of Mo present in breast milk samples doesn't create problem on Cd measurement. Mercury in breast milk and formula samples will be analyzed directly (without sample preparation) using direct mercury analyzer (DMA-80, Milestone). We have completed the analysis of all the breast milk samples (14) currently collected and in the process of analyzing 53 formula samples. Results for the breast milk samples are given in the Tables C2.2 and C2.3.

Table C2.2. Multielement (Pb,Cd and Mn) Analysis of Breast Milk Samples

Subject-ID	Infant's age	Pb	Pb-SD	Cd	Cd-SD	Mn	Mn-SD
		ng/ml		ng/ml		ng/ml
BM1	9 months	0.60	0.03	0.08	0.03	5.71	0.16
BM2	7 Months	4.61	0.26	0.10	0.03	3.32	0.11
BM3	4 months	0.40	0.03	< dL		2.11	0.11
BM4	3 months	1.91	0.09	< dL		2.42	0.04
BM5-S1	1  month	0.24	0.01	< dL		1.36	0.04
BM5-S2	3 months	0.26	0.02	< dL		1.14	0.06
BM5-S3	4 months	0.24	0.03	< dL		1.14	0.04
BM6	4 months	0.26	0.03	< dL		0.69	0.04
BM7	4 months	0.48	0.03	< dL		2.05	0.04
BM8-S1	1 months	0.33	0.03	0.08	0.01	1.96	0.05
BM8-S2	5 month	0.43	0.06	0.09	0.03	1.82	0.09
BM9	1 month	0.60	0.11	0.07	0.01	-0.67	0.02
BM10	6 months	0.96	0.20	< dL		6.14	0.08
BM11	7 months	1.19	0.06	0.14	0.05	2.64	0.09
dL=0.01 ng/g S1,S2 and S3 stand for samples collected from same subject at different lactation time

Table C2.3. Multielement (Mo,As and Hg) analysis of Breast Milk Samples

Subject-ID	Infant's age	Mo	Mo-SD	As – Milk	As-SD	Hg	Hg-SD
		ng/ml		ng/ml		ng/ml
BM1	9 months	1.31	0.06	0.17	0.47	0.26	0.03
BM2	7 Months	0.58	0.07		0.11	0.26	0.03
BM3	4 months	< dL			0.09	0.16	0.02
BM4	3 months	1.08	0.10	0.50	0.17	0.27	0.03
BM5-S1	1  month	0.48	0.04		0.28	0.32	0.04
BM5-S2	3 months	0.32	0.04		0.13	0.25	0.03
BM5-S3	4 months	0.26	0.03		0.13	< dL
BM6	4 months	< dL			0.29	0.16	0.02
BM7	4 months	< dL			0.12	0.24	0.03
BM8-S1	1 months	0.24	0.07		0.20	< dL
BM8-S2	5 month	0.40	0.02		0.11	< dL
BM9	1 month	-0.27	0.02		0.07	0.43	0.05
BM10	6 months	2.38	0.14	0.56	0.16	0.25	0.03
BM11	7 months	0.50	0.08		0.75	0.23	0.03
dL=0.01 ng/g S1,S2 and S3 stand for samples collected from same subject at different lactation time

Below is a summary of all the laboratory analyses done by the Analytical Chemistry Core in 2008.

Table C2.4 Children Center related sample analysis for 2008

Sample type	Elements	# of samples analyzed
Mothers-Blood	Pb,Mn,Cd	55
Child-blood	Pb,Mn,Cd	46
Mothers-Blood	As	570
Breast Milk	Pb,Cd,Mn,Mo,As,Hg	14
Rat-Blood	Pb,Mn	113
Rat-Brain (sections)	Pb,Mn	194
Rat-Blood	As	20
Rat Brain	As	84
Total samples analyzed		1096

Training

The core has provided opportunities for visiting scientists to work with researchers on trace metal analysis methods. Further the Analytical Chemistry Core has trained several students in field and laboratory techniques for quantifying metal concentrations in environmental and biological sampling.

The availability of a portable XRF instrument this year has led to more students conducting projects exploring metals in the environment.

This section presents summary of the training provided by Core B is presented in Table C2.5

Table C2.5 Trainees working with the Analytical Chemistry Core

Name	Affiliation	Approximate Dates	Description of Activities
Visiting Scientists
Dr. Innocent Jayawardene	Fulbright Fellow Univ. of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka	10/2006-07/2009	Method development and sample analysis - Multielement analysis of breast milk samples
Dr. James Hauri	Dept of Natural Sciences Assumption College Faculty	2008-2009	Meconium development method
Undergraduate Students
Kathleen McCarthy	Sr. Thesis, Wellesley College	2005-2009	Field sampling and laboratory analyses
HSPH Doctoral Studenst/Graduates
Eric Apeagyei	Harvard School of Public Health	08/2008-12/2008	Testing car tires for trace metals; Road dust testing  (from Boston, Greenfield and Somerville, MA)
Rebecca Lincoln	Harvard School of Public Health	January 2006-2009	Assisted in the collection of samples from participants’ home environments; designed and implemented a protocol for collecting meconium samples from study infants; assisted in the development of an analytic method for detecting metals in meconium.
Ami Zota	Harvard School of Public Health	2005-2008	Analyzed samples of household dust and drinking water for metal content using the ICP-MS
Others
David Mascarito	Harvard University Extension School	09/2008-12/2008	Testing for trace metals in road dust from Greenfield, MA
Derrick Brain	Harvard University Extension School	09/2008-12/2008	Testing for testing for trace metals in road dust from I-93 ( Somerville, MA)

References
Ortega García JA, Carrizo Gallardo D, Ferris i Tortajada J, García MM, Grimalt JO. 2006. Meconium and neurotoxicants: searching for a prenatal exposure timing. Arch Dis Child, 91(8):642-6.

Ostrea EM, Morales V, Ngoumgna E, Prescilla R, Tan E, Hernandez E, Ramirez GB, Cifra HL, Manlapaz ML. 2002. Prevalence of fetal exposure to environmental toxins as determined by meconium analysis. Neurotoxicology, 23(3):329-39.

Turker G, Ergen K, Karakoç Y, Arisoy AE, Barutcu UB. 2006. Concentrations of toxic metals and trace elements in the meconium of newborns from an industrial city. Biol Neonate, 89(4):244-50.

 

Core C: Biostatistics
Core Leader: Joel Schwartz

Data Coordination and Statistical Core. Dr. Joel Schwartz is the Principal Investigator of this Core, with Ms. Tania Kotlov (who has coordinated data management for large studies for >20 years) supervising Data Coordination. Dr. Brent Coull and Dr. Antonella Zanobetti are co-investigators. Ms Kotlov continues to actively supervise the collection of the data, as well as prepare our major databases. As part of this effort, she has frequent contacts with field staff in Tar Creek, and made a week long visit during the last year to assure data quality. Members of this core interact with each other on the projects in both the design of sampling frames and in the conduct of the analysis. They also continue to serve on the doctoral committees of students involved in analyzing the data, providing hands on guidance on statistical issues. This involves exposure as well as epidemiologic studies. In addition, Dr. McCracken has aided with design and analysis issues for animal studies.

Core D: Community Outreach and Translation
Core Leader: Rebecca Jim
Core Co-Leaders: Earl Hatley, Howard Hu, and Ann Backus

The Last Five: For five years, from 2003-2008, Harvard School of Public Health researchers have undertaken studies of heavy metal exposures in mother/infant pairs and of the fate, transport, deposition, and bioavailability of metals associated with the Tar Creek Superfund site located in Ottawa County, Okahoma. Additional studies in animal models of routes, target organs, and behavioral outcomes of exposure have taken place in parallel with the human and field studies. Interaction with the community has been critical and constant during this time. A Community Advisory Board (CAB), into which was incorporated the Tribal Sub-Committee, has been the sounding board for a number of methodological questions such as those regarding the analysis of edible/useful plants and the structure of a nutrition survey, and has received and discussed numerous progress reports (often in person) from the researchers.

These five years have been times of high stress in the community. Often it seemed patently unfair that a community that was living among the chat pile remnants of lead and zinc mining would also have to deal with prolonged serious ice storms, 27 days of rain resulting in a federal disaster-designated flood, a second, but smaller flood, and an F-4 tornado which triggered federal disaster FEMA funds. But the story does not stop there. At the half-way point in the five year grant to Harvard researchers, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers declared large portions of Picher and Cardin - homes, playgrounds, roads - condemned because of subsidence. Unsupported underground mines caused actual cave-ins and posed a threat for additional cave-ins and instability.

From the EPA vantage point, there has been improvement in the last five to ten years in the Tar Creek area as a result of EPA remediation activities. According to the most recent EPA update (December 2008) remediation of 2,295 residential yards and public areas was completed in December 2007. (The only city/town not remediated in this effort was the city of Miami.) Lead screening for the population of the five cities area had been undertaken by the Ottawa County Health Department, and a 2004 report to Congress by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) stated that the percentage of children aged 1-5 with blood lead levels in excess of 10ug/dL had dropped from a high of 31.2% to 2.8% in 2003. This number is comparable to the level of 2.2% reported from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) for children in the U.S. aged 1-5 in 1999 and 2000.

Our Children's Center research and outreach commenced in June 2003. In the five year period between 2003 and 2008, Project 1 research involving over 500 mother/infant pairs reported (in 2007) a blood lead level mean for 24 month old children of 2.6 ug/dL. According to Robert Wright (2007 Annual report), this figure is "lower than any other study reported in the literature." It is likely that the "intervention" of the research, coupled with intense outreach to a variety of stakeholders in the Tar Creek community, has played a role in reducing the blood lead levels in this formerly highly-exposed population.

Tar Creek Community Outreach and Translation (COTC) has integrated a variety of approaches to community education. We have established and engaged routinely with a Community Advisory Board that includes a Tribal Sub-Committee and shared research findings at each of the last five annual Tar Creek Conferences. Rebecca Jim of the L.E.A.D. Agency, the Children's Center community partner, has developed and managed numerous service learning activities within the K-12 system and with student nurses and osteopathic interns. School children have learned and performed songs, written poetry and stories, created booklets, and educated their parents! Student nurses have toured the Tar Creek Superfund area and held blood pressure screenings for the community at L.E.A.D. headquarters. Photography has served the outreach goals well both within and beyond the community. Two nationally recognized photographers, Earl Dotter and Vaughn Wascovich, have toured, photographed and exhibited widely. (More about this later.)

Engagement and Responsiveness: One hallmark of community outreach is the degree to which the researchers engage with the community, understand the needs of the community for "answers," appreciate the cultural values and respond to concerns that arise spontaneously.

The structure for formal engagement that was established within the required COTC was the Community Advisory Board (CAB). The mission of the board was derived from the principles of community-based participatory research endorsed by NIEHS, namely to

• promote active collaboration and participation at the community level;
• foster co-learning between community and researchers;
• ensure center-sponsored research continues to be community-driven;
• disseminate results in useful language; and
• ensure the cultural appropriateness of research and intervention strategies.

The CAB membership includes one non-voting member from each of the following: Oklahoma State Department of Environmental Quality, EPA Region 6, and another research project based in the community as well as the following members:

Co-Chair, Kathy Ellis—Integris Hospital
Co-Chair, Anne Anthony—Willow Crest Hospital
Dr. Bill Able—Northeastern Oklahoma College
Dr. Shirley Chestnut—Grand Lake Mental Health Center
Susan Waldron—Ottawa County Health Department
Debi Wesley—Northeast Tribal Health Center
Flossie Mathews—Quapaw Tribe
Chris Franks—Seneca-Cayuga Tribe
Rosanna Shepherd—Ottawa Tribe
Kim Pace—Picher Elementary School
Dr. Duane Koehler—Integris Hospital
Sally Bocanegra-Oklahoma Rural Opportunities

Early in the process of drawing the community together around the Children's Center, the CAB called for and established a Tribal Sub-committee to ensure representation of and input from the tribes affected by the Tar Creek Superfund site and the work of the Children's Center. Members of record are Chairperson, Rosanna Shephard - Ottawa Tribe Chris Frank - Seneca-Cayuga Tribe, Jason White - Cherokee Nation, Jim Kent- Quapaw Tribe, Roxanne Weldon - Eastern Shawnee Tribe, Christen Creson - Wyandote Nation, Jim Dixon - Peoria Tribe, and Gretchen Grotheer – Miami Tribe. The Modoc Tribe and Shawnee Nation do not have formal representatives at this time. It is expected that other representatives from the tribal environmental departments will attend the Tribal Sub-committee meetings. The mission of the Tribal Sub-committee is to promote dialogue on culturally significant issues related to tribal sovereignty. Earl Hatley serves as the liaison between the tribes and the researchers.

In 2006, the Tribal Sub-Committee began routinely meeting with the CAB, however, they retained the option to act as a sub-committee on issues of particular interest and concern to the tribes. For example, it was through working with several of the tribes that Jim Shine and John Spengler identified watercress, willow, polk salad, and passion flower as four species important to Native Americans, and therefore a good set in which to study phyto-accumulation of metals from chat-impacted areas. Asparagus was sampled and analyzed quickly enough to give community guidelines for consumption before the gathering season ended.

In 2008, the CAB met three times: April 1 with Ami Zota to discuss her ambient air research; April 15 to discuss the ATSDR research findings presented by David Mellard; and September 15 with Jim Shine, Maryann Hopkins, Robert Wright, and David Bellinger of HSPH. In addition to presenting research updates, the researchers discussed potential new research questions.

The Neosho River flood of June/July 2007, the result of 27 days of rain, presented a unique opportunity for Project 2 researchers to respond to the community in the midst of a natural disaster. The rapid response to the flooding by Jim Shine and Laurel Schaider who quickly created a sampling plan and flew to Tar Creek, is a striking example of community-driven research and commitment to community concerns. Project 2 researchers described the process as follows:

Following a major flooding event in Miami in early July 2007, the worst flood in nearly 50 years, there were community concerns about metal exposure due to the deposition of sediments from Tar Creek and the Neosho River throughout the town. Within 3 weeks of the flood, Project 2, in conjunction with our collaborators from Wellesley College, conducted a rapid response trip to measure metal concentrations and collect samples of the newly deposited flood material throughout Miami. We chose to focus on public use areas, such as athletic fields and parks, as well as several residential yards that were distributed throughout the town. One of these homes belonged to a participant in the MATCH project. We were fortunate to have the help of Miami town officials and the local nonprofit L.E.A.D. agency in identifying sampling locations. One month before the flood, during a meeting with Miami city managers in June 2007, we presented a summary of our analyses of metal concentrations in soils, creek water, and ambient air in Miami. The city managers expressed appreciation for our presentation and explanations, since they often have to address community concerns about potential contamination from the Tar Creek site.

Our goals for the trip were to collect in situ measurements of metal concentrations in the flood deposit material using a field-portable XRF handheld unit, and to collect samples for further analyses of metal concentrations and grain size distributions. Results from a field-portable XRF instrument allowed us to provide real-time measurements of metal concentrations to homeowners and community members. Because we had previously collected samples in the Tar Creek floodplain, we were able to compare our results to soil samples that we collected prior to the flood in June 2006 and May 2007. Both the in situ measurements and additional analyses in our laboratory suggested that the flood deposits did not substantially increase the lead concentrations compared to pre-flood surface soil samples, and most yard soil samples were below thresholds of concern. The in situ results were communicated verbally to homeowners when present (some of the homes were abandoned and condemned due to flood damage), and a summary of field and laboratory analyses of zinc and lead concentrations, as well as site-specific concentrations for each home, were mailed to each homeowner who participated. Summary sheets were also sent to Miami town officials and other members of the community. We also participated remotely in a meeting of our Community Advisory Board to answer any questions, and we presented our results at the Tar Creek annual meeting in September 2008.

Legacy as Leadership: Several key components of the community outreach within the Center speak clearly to the importance of legacy in these research endeavors. Over the passed five years, Rebecca Jim of LEAD Agency undertook a number of service learning projects involving at different times, K-12 students, nursing students, osteopathic interns and VISTA volunteers. The purpose of service learning is to connect service with learning and the curriculum. Integrating classroom lessons with community action teaches not only elements of a discipline, but caring, concern, social responsibility, civics, teamwork, leadership, perspective-taking and appreciation of the range of human reactions and conditions. The most recent product of service learning is the production of a 95 page book of poetry, prose, reflections, pictures, and drawings created by Miami (OK) high school students and edited by Rebecca Jim. Titled "Disasters: Flood & Ice" these compositions and art work are personal statements of teenagers who experienced the hardship of a major (FEMA-level) flood, two ice storms, and an F-4 tornado (Fujita scale, 207-260 mph winds) within a little over a year from the first ice storm January 2007 to the tornado May 2008. Support for the publication was provided by the Children's Center and the LEAD Agency. One excerpt reads:

"We are no longer only residents and neighbors, but rather we have become an extended family that turns to one another for support. This now stands as part of the legacy of these disasters that somehow in the midst of turmoil, we turn towards one another and can find a silver lining." Justin Addis

Legacy as Leadership is also reflected in the stunning photographs of Vaughn Wascovich who was taking photographs in Tar Creek before the Harvard study began, and who was quickly embraced into the then extant outreach program of the Harvard NIEHS Superfund Fund Program as a Visiting Scholar. Vaughn has taken it upon himself to photograph Superfund Sites, toxic environments, and disasters as an expression of his outrage that humans and human health should fall victim to careless, mindless, and socially irresponsible actions on the part of other parties. His photographs give credence to his personal belief that the role of the photographer is that of artist as advocate. He has instilled in his photography students at the University of Missouri and now at Texas A&M – Commerce that they cannot sit back and allow environmental harm, social injustice, and ill health to continue. Vaughn has exhibited the Tar Creek pictures in 17 different gallery and exhibit venues over the last five to six years, given numerous presentations and currently has an exhibit in the President's Gallery at Texas A&M. He will be awarded the prestigious Society for Photographic Education's (SPE) Gary B. Fritz Imagemaker Award at their National Conference in Dallas in March 2009. At HSPH we are planning to celebrate his work and cap the Children's Center research with an exhibit in Boston in October 2009.

As required by the RFA, the Harvard Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Center (the Children's Center) includes a Community Outreach and Translation Core (COTC) to "develop, implement and evaluate strategies to translate and apply the scientific findings of the Center into information for the public, policymakers and clinical professionals to use to protect the health of children."

The backbone of the COTC consists of seven specific aims, the interim accomplishments of which are presented below.

Mine drainage pond in Tar Creek made orange by iron oxide. Photo by Vaughn Wascovich.

Thursday, May 31, 2007 Breakfast for Pediatricians, Family Practice Physicians and Pediatric Nurse Practitioners

• Bob Wright and Ann Backus introduced, discussed, and provided Pediatric Environmental Health Toolkits that had been developed by the Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility and the BU Superfund Basic Research Program.
• Anne Anthony, a CAB member and director of the Willow Crest Hospital, sponsored the meeting.
• Attendees included Ann Anthony, several Willow Crest staff, and two practitioners who work with dysfunctional teens and who thought that the toolkit would generate good discussions among the teens regarding strategies for reducing the risk for metal exposure in their homes and community and the importance of avoiding toxic exposures when pregnant.

Breakfast with Tribal Leaders

• Tribal Leaders and HSPH researchers gathered for breakfast together at the Best Western Motel.
• HSPH researchers provided short presentations after which the Tribal Leaders took advantage of this opportunity to meet those actually involved in research on their tribal lands and with their tribal members. A discussion of the status of research outcomes followed.
• Panel Discussion at the Miami Civic Center: The Medical and Social Status of Ottawa County Kids
• This public event was designed to engage the Ottawa County Healthcare Community and Dr. Robert Wright of the Harvard Children’s Center in a panel discussion to explore the status of Ottawa County Kids and to include the public in a dialogue and interchange of ideas about the need for, as well as about the strengths and shortcomings of, medical and mental health services in Miami County.
• Susan Waldron, Health Educator from the Ottawa County Health Department served as moderator and called on Mark Osborn, MD, a physician at Integris Baptist Hospital; Edward Gustavson, MD (by pre-recorded DVD), a developmental physician from the Children’s Medical Center, Tulsa; and Robert Wright, MD, Harvard Children’s Center Pediatrician.
• Public comments focused on the belief in the community that still more needs to be done to ensure the health of the children of the Tar Creek area, and that, in spite of state law requiring that at-risk children must receive testing and be provided with special education services if warranted, Miami County still lacks the personnel and skills to provide special education.
• Through this gathering the community had personal contact with the medical and research community and the types of questions being asked by the researchers; and for the Harvard researchers the meeting further underscored the how pervasive the worry and concern for children’s health is in this community.

Luncheon with Invited Officials of Miami, North Miami, Picher, Cardin, Quapaw, and Commerce

• After brief presentations by Harvard researchers, Robert Wright, Jim Shine, Joseph Brain, and Tim Maher, the town and city officials and planners raised questions about the future of the area, the potential for business development, the seriousness of the exposures and how to present them to interested developers. The viability of the County as an attractive site for business has been impacted by the finding in January 2006 of a serious subsidence risk in the towns of Picher and Cardin, on the one hand, and by the disappearance of the chat piles, the legacy of the mining activity, on the other. Without chat piles on the horizon in the northern portion of the County, newcomers would not be aware that there had been any toxic enterprise in the area.
• Developers and planners were anxious to know the temporal trend of the metals exposure risk, how much disclosure of the risk would be required ethically, and to hear answers to questions such as whether the fact that the city of Miami was south of the chat piles meant that the northerly prevailing wind would not bring chat particulates toward Miami.
• Jack Spengler and Jim Shine spoke to these issues from their experience with particulate measurements of air, soil, and sediment. The connection between planners and researchers having been made, the planners were encouraged to know that they would have access to the research findings and that these findings could in fact inform marketing strategies.

School Event: Update on Research and Appreciation Reception for Teachers and Principals

• The researchers then proceeded to the Miami High School where they were met by faculty and students for a brief overview of the Children’s Center research and a dialogue between researchers and community. Several students read their poetry describing the impact of living next to a Superfund Site.

Superfund Site Tour

• Rebecca Jim and Earl Hatley hosted a bus tour of the Tar Creek Superfund Site for researchers and External Advisory Board members who had not seen the area. Jim Shine and Jack Spengler were on-hand to provide details from their research on air, soil and sediment samples.

Briefing for ATSDR, EPA ODEQ and other interested federal and state agency officials

• Joe Brain, Robert Wright, Jim Shine, Tim Maher, and Jack Spengler provided a briefing on Children’s Center research to government personnel. The purpose of the briefing was to inform agency personnel of what would be presented at the External Advisory Board meeting on Friday, June 1.

Dinner and Concert

• HSHP researchers, EAB members, the Community Advisory Board members, members of the Native American Community Advisory Board, US EPA, ATSDR, ODEQ personnel, and invited guests re-assembled at the Miami Civic Center for a catered dinner for 50 people.
• Tickets were provided for 30 people to attend The Miami Tribe Pow Wow kick-off concert featuring Grammy award-winner, Mary Youngblood, playing a variety of Indian flutes. The concert, held in the Coleman Theater, a national historic register location, provided a meaningful Native American cultural and human dimension to an otherwise very scientifically-oriented day.

Friday, June 1, 2007

• The EAB members and HSPH researchers assembled at the Dobson Museum (of Native American and local artifacts) for the annual meeting of the EAB.
• Post-meeting provided free time for the EAB and researchers. Those who stayed into Saturday attended the annual Miami Tribe Pow Wow at the Pow Wow Grounds where traditional tribal dances were performed by men and women in hand-made tribal dress.  

Year	January	Feb/Mar	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	November	Totals
2003	3 DO			3 DO		3 DO		4 DO	5 ORU BSN		5    18
2004	4 DO,  13 MSN OU			3 DO		4 DO		4 DO	8 ORU BSN		21   36
2005	5 DO	21 BNS OU		4 DO		3 DO		4 DO	4 ORU BSN		4    41
2006	4 DO	36 BSN OU		3 DO		4 DO		3 DO	7 ORU BSN		7    57
2007	3 DO	36 BSN OU		4 DO		3 DO		3 DO	8 ORU BSN		8    57
2008	3 DO	64 BSN OU		3 DO		3 DO,  6 BSN Bacone		4 DO		22 ORU BSN	0   105
Totals	*Extended Experience										45  314
Participating Academic Institutions and their programs of study are as follows: Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences  Osteopathic Medicine Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences  BSN and MSN Oral Roberts University  BSN Bacone College  BSN

Future Activities:

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Journal Articles: 25 Displayed | Download in RIS Format

Publications Views

Other center views:	All 35 publications	26 publications in selected types	All 25 journal articles

Publications

Type	Citation	Sub Project	Document Sources
Journal Article	Arora M, Weuve J, Schwartz J, Wright RO. Association of environmental cadmium exposure with pediatric dental caries. Environmental Health Perspectives 2008;116(6):821-825.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C001 (2008) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C004 (2007)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link
Journal Article	Brain JD, Heilig E, Donaghey TC, Knutson MD, Wessling-Resnick M, Molina RM. Effects of iron status on transpulmonary transport and tissue distribution of Mn and Fe. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2006;34(3):330-337.	R831725 (2005) R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C003 (2005) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C003 (2008) R831725C004 (2007)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link Full-text: ATS-Full Text HTML Exit Other: ATS-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Heilig EA, Thompson KJ, Molina RM, Ivanov AR, Brain JD, Wessling-Resnick M. Manganese and iron transport across pulmonary epithelium. American Journal of Physiology–Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 2006;290(6):L1247-L1259.	R831725 (2005) R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C003 (2005) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C003 (2008) R831725C004 (2007)	Abstract from PubMed Full-text: American Journal of Physiology-Full Text HTML Exit Other: American Journal of Physiology-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Heilig E, Molina R, Donaghey T, Brain JD, Wessling-Resnick M. Pharmacokinetics of pulmonary manganese absorption: evidence for increased susceptibility to manganese loading in iron-deficient rats. American Journal of Physiology–Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 2005;288(5):L887-L893.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C003 (2005) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C004 (2007)	Abstract from PubMed Full-text: American Journal of Physiology-Full Text HTML Exit Other: American Journal of Physiology-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Hopkins MR, Ettinger AS, Hernandez-Avila M, Schwartz J, Tellez-Rojo MM, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Bellinger D, Hu H, Wright RO. Variants in iron metabolism genes predict higher blood lead levels in young children. Environmental Health Perspectives 2008;116(9):1261-1266.	R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2008)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link
Journal Article	Hu H, Tellez-Rojo MM, Bellinger D, Smith D, Ettinger AS, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Schwartz J, Schnaas L, Mercado-Garcia A, Hernandez-Avila M. Fetal lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy as a predictor of infant mental development. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(11):1730-1735.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link
Journal Article	Hu H, Shine J, Wright RO. The challenge posed to children’s health by mixtures of toxic waste: the Tar Creek Superfund Site as a case-study. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2007;54(1):155-175.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C004 (2007)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link Abstract: ScienceDirect-Abstract Exit
Journal Article	Lanphear BP, Wright RO, Dietrich KN. Environmental neurotoxins. Pediatrics in Review 2005;26(6):191-198.	R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2005) R829389 (2003) R829389 (2004) R829389 (2005) R829389 (Final)	Abstract from PubMed Abstract: AAP-Abstract Exit
Journal Article	Oken E, Wright RO, Kleinman KP, Bellinger D, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Hu H, Rich-Edwards JW, Gillman MW. Maternal fish consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in a U.S. cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;113(10):1376-1380.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2005)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link
Journal Article	Ortega Garcia JA, Carrizo Gallardo D, Ferris i Tortajada J, Garcia MM, Grimalt JO. Meconium and neurotoxicants: searching for a prenatal exposure timing. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2006;91(8):642-646.	R831725 (2009)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link Abstract: Archives of Disease in Childhood-Abstract Exit
Journal Article	Ostrea Jr EM, Morales V, Ngoumgna E, Prescilla R, Tan E, Hernandez E, Ramirez GB, Cifra HL, Manlapaz ML. Prevalence of fetal exposure to environmental toxins as determined by meconium analysis. NeuroToxicology 2002;23(3):329-339.	R831725 (2009)	Abstract from PubMed Full-text: ScienceDirect-Full Text HTML Exit Other: ScienceDirect-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Schaider LA, Senn DB, Brabander DJ, McCarthy KD, Shine JP. Characterization of zinc, lead, and cadmium in mine waste: implications for transport, exposure, and bioavailability. Environmental Science and Technology 2007;41(11):4164-4171.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C004 (2007)	Abstract from PubMed Abstract: ACS-Abstract Exit
Journal Article	Surkan PJ, Schnaas L, Wright RJ, Tellez-Rojo MM, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Hu H, Hernandez-Avila EM, Bellinger DC, Schwartz J, Perroni E, Wright RO. Maternal self-esteem, exposure to lead, and child neurodevelopment. NeuroToxicology 2008;29(2):278-285.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C001 (2008) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C004 (2007)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link Full-text: ScienceDirect-Full Text HTML Exit Other: ScienceDirect-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Tellez-Rojo MM, Bellinger DC, Arroyo-Quiroz C, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Mercado-Garcia A, Schnaas-Arrieta L, Wright RO, Hernandez-Avila M, Hu H. Longitudinal associations between blood lead concentrations lower than 10 μg/dL and neurobehavioral development in environmentally exposed children in Mexico City. Pediatrics 2006;118(2):e323-e330.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R835441 (2017)	Abstract from PubMed Abstract: Pediatrics-Abstract Exit
Journal Article	Thompson K, Molina RM, Brain JD, Wessling-Resnick M. Belgrade rats display liver iron loading. Journal of Nutrition 2006;136(12):3010-3014.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C003 (2008) R831725C004 (2007)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link Full-text: Journal of Nutrition-Full Text HTML Exit Other: Journal of Nutrition-PDF Exit
Journal Article	Thompson K, Molina R, Donaghey T, Brain JD, Wessling-Resnick M. The influence of high iron diet on rat lung manganese absorption. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2006;210(1-2):17-23.	R831725 (2005) R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C003 (2005) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C003 (2008) R831725C004 (2007)	Abstract from PubMed Full-text: ScienceDirect-Full Text HTML Exit Other: ScienceDirect-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Thompson K, Molina RM, Donaghey T, Schwob JE, Brain JD, Wessling-Resnick M. Olfactory uptake of manganese requires DMT1 and is enhanced by anemia. FASEB Journal 2007;21(1):223-230.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C003 (2008) R831725C004 (2007)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link Abstract: FASEB-Abstract Exit
Journal Article	Thompson K, Molina RM, Donaghey T, Brain JD, Wessling-Resnick M. Iron absorption by Belgrade rat pups during lactation. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2007;293(3):G640-G644.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C003 (2008) R831725C004 (2007)	Abstract from PubMed Full-text: AJPGI-Full Text HTML Exit Other: AJPGI-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Turker G, Ergen K, Karakoc Y, Arisoy AE, Barutcu UB. Concentrations of toxic metals and trace elements in the meconium of newborns from an industrial city. Biology of the Neonate 2006;89(4):244-250.	R831725 (2009)	Abstract from PubMed Abstract: Karger-Abstract Exit
Journal Article	Wright RO, Amarasiriwardena C, Woolf AD, Jim R, Bellinger DC. Neuropsychological correlates of hair arsenic, manganese, and cadmium levels in school-age children residing near a hazardous waste site. NeuroToxicology 2006;27(2):210-216.	R831725 (2005) R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2005)	Abstract from PubMed Full-text: ScienceDirect-Full Text HTML Exit Other: ScienceDirect-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Wright RO, Baccarelli A. Metals and neurotoxicology. The Journal of Nutrition 2007;137(12):2809-2813.	R831725 (2007) R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2007) R831725C003 (2007) R831725C004 (2007)	Abstract from PubMed Full-text: OUP-Full Text HTML Exit Other: OUP-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Wright RO, Fields N. Therapeutics and toxicology. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2008;20(2):171.	R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2008)	Abstract from PubMed Abstract: Ovid-Excerpt Exit Other: Current Opinion in Pediatrics-Citation Exit
Journal Article	Wright RO. Neurotoxicology: what can context teach us? Journal of Pediatrics 2008;152(2):155-157.	R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2008)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link Full-text: The Journal of Pediatrics-Full Text HTML Exit Other: Journal of Pediatrics-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Wright RO. New morbidities: new challenges. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2009;21(2):220-221.	R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2008)	Abstract from PubMed Full-text: LWW-Full Text HTML Exit Other: LWW-Full Text PDF Exit
Journal Article	Zota AR, Ettinger AS, Bouchard M, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Schwartz J, Hu H, Wright RO. Maternal blood manganese levels and infant birth weight. Epidemiology 2009;20(3):367-373.	R831725 (2009) R831725C001 (2008)	Full-text from PubMed Abstract from PubMed Associated PubMed link Abstract: Epidemiology-Abstract Exit

Supplemental Keywords:

children, Native American, tribal, mixtures, lead, PBPK, community, Superfund, intervention, , environmental management, Scientific Discipline, Health, RFA, Arsenic, Risk Assessment, Health Risk Assessment, Epidemiology, Immunology, Children's Health, Biochemistry, Environmental Chemistry, neurodevelopmental toxicity, developmental toxicity, children's environmental health, mining waste, community-based intervention, biological markers, metals;, RFA, Health, Scientific Discipline, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Environmental Chemistry, Health Risk Assessment, Arsenic, Epidemiology, Biochemistry, Children's Health, Immunology, Risk Assessment, community-based intervention, developmental toxicity, Human Health Risk Assessment, neurodevelopmental toxicity, children's environmental health, biological markers, mining waste

Progress and Final Reports:

Original Abstract

2004 Progress Report

2005 Progress Report

2006

2007 Progress Report

2008

Final

Subprojects under this Center: (EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
R831725C001 Metals, Nutrition, and Stress in Child Development
R831725C002 Exposure Assessment of Children and Metals in Mining Waste: Composition, Environmental Transport, and Exposure Patterns
R831725C003 Manganese, Iron, Cadmium, and Lead Transport from the Environment to Critical Organs During Gestation and Early Development in a Rat Model
R831725C004 Metals Neurotoxicity Research Project