Grantee Research Project Results
Final Report: Health Effects Institute (2020-2025): A Partnership on the Health Effects of Air Pollution
EPA Grant Number: CR839981Title: Health Effects Institute (2020-2025): A Partnership on the Health Effects of Air Pollution
Investigators: Craft, Elena
Institution: Health Effects Institute
EPA Project Officer: Keating, Terry
Project Period: April 1, 2020 through March 31, 2025
Project Amount: $25,000,000
RFA: Health Effect Institute (HEI) (2020) RFA Text | Recipients Lists
Research Category: Air Quality and Air Toxics , Airborne Particulate Matter Health Effects , Human Health , Air
Objective:
To support research on the health effects of emissions from motor vehicles, fuels, and other sources of environmental pollution. Themes guiding the research program are Transport and Urban Health; Accountability: Testing the Links Between Air Quality Actions and Health; Complex Questions for the Air Pollution Mixture; and Global Health.
Summary/Accomplishments (Outputs/Outcomes):
The HEI Strategic Research Plan for 2020–2025 has guided HEI’s Environment and Health Program over the past 5 years. That plan included four themes — Transport and Urban Health, Accountability, Complex Questions for the Air Pollution Mixture, and Global Health—and identified additional priorities in cross-cutting areas, including data access and transparency, evaluation of statistical methods, a focus on sensitive or vulnerable populations, and enhanced exposure assessment. The sections below briefly highlight activities in Transport and Urban Health, Accountability, and Complex Questions for the Air Pollution Mixture. Activities involving global health research have been conducted primarily by the separately funded Global Initiatives Program; a few highlights from the Global Initiatives are provided in the final section.
Between 2020-2025, the Environment and Health Program published 13 research solicitations. Thirty-three new studies were initiated, 25 reports were published, and 12 reports were in the review and publication process by the close of the current grant period (March 31, 2025). Table 1 and Figure 1 summarize the status and reach of activities in the Environment and Health Program over the past 5 years. A detailed table of all HEI-funded studies over this period is provided in Appendix 1. Note that there are a few studies in Table 1 that fall under the global health theme. Those studies were supported with funding provided by philanthropies, development agencies, and others and provide domestically and globally relevant science that helps to inform regulatory decisions worldwide.
| Category | Studies Initiated | Reports in Review | Reports Published |
| Transport and Urban Health | 11 | 6 | 6 |
| TRAP and Health | 5 | 2 | |
| Nontailpipe Emissions | 1 | 1 | |
| Enhanced Exposure Assessment | 5 | 3 | 3 |
| Disentagling Confounding/Modifying Factors of TRAP | 2 | 1 | |
| Accountability | 8 | 2 | 4 |
| Complex Questions for Air Pollution | 13 | 4 | 13 |
| Low-Exposure Epidemiology | 3 | ||
| Air Pollution, COVID-19, & Health | 5 | 2 | 3 |
| Wildland Fires | 2 | ||
| Biological Mechanisms | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Multipollutant Epidemiology | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| Community Environmental Health | 2 | 1 | |
| Global Health* | 1 | 2 | |
| Grand Total | 33 | 12 | 25 |
TRAP=traffic-related air pollution.
* With funding provided by philanthropies, development agencies, and others.
Figure 1. Citations from the 25 reports in the Environment and Health Program published between April 2020 and March 2025.
HEI research reports continue to be an important source to inform standards and guidelines. For example, 38 HEI reports were referenced in the most recent Integrated Science Assessments of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and ozone. HEI-funded research on the effects of the clean bus program has also been cited extensively, including in the EPA Clean School Bus Program report to the Congress for Fiscal Year 2023.
HEI also tracks its reach and impact through several other indicators, including number of website visitors, number of downloads of HEI resources, and mentions of HEI’s work in print and digital media. Overall, the HEI website continues to be an effective means of providing access to HEI resources. Between April 1, 2020 – March 31, 2025, an average of 87,000 visitors accessed the HEI website each year and downloaded an average of 28,000 reports, special reports, statements, and other resources annually. HEI’s reports and data are also widely cited in the print and digital media. In the same timeframe, HEI was cited over 9,400 times in the media in more than 95 countries in more than 35 languages.
Transport and Urban Health
In 2022, an HEI expert panel completed its systematic review of the epidemiological evidence on the health effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP); highlights are shown in Figure 2. The large number of people exposed to TRAP, combined with the strength of the evidence for an association between long-term exposure to TRAP and several adverse health outcomes as revealed in this review, further bolstered the evidence that TRAP remains an important public health concern that warrants attention from the public and policymakers.
Figure 2. Highlights from a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence for associations between long-term exposure to TRAP and selected adverse health outcomes. Outcomes for which the expert panel reported associations with high, moderate to high, or moderate confidence are shown here. Outcomes for which the overall confidence in the evidence was low to moderate, low, or very low are discussed in the panel’s report.
Building on the recommendations from that systematic review, HEI issued a request for applications
(RFA) in 2023 and awarded funding to four studies examining the health effects of exposure to TRAP. These studies aim to create a framework for full-chain assessment of transportation systems and effects of TRAP on population health; examine associations of TRAP with lipids and other biomarkers to explore pathways that might mediate cardiovascular disease risk; assess consequences of future urban transportation landscapes on cardiometabolic health; and develop models for relating exposures from vehicle, rail, and aircraft sources to birth outcome data.
Research funded by HEI and others has indicated that a better understanding is needed of contextual factors that might confound or modify associations between TRAP exposure and health outcomes. Accordingly, HEI funded three studies under an RFA designed to disentangle the effects of exposure to TRAP from such spatially correlated confounding or modifying factors as traffic noise, socioeconomic status, the built environment, and green space. These studies include multiple pollutants and attempt to distinguish between tailpipe and nontailpipe motor vehicle emissions and other pollution sources while incorporating information about relevant co-exposures to strengthen the evidence on health effects of TRAP in the context of spatially correlated factors.
A major challenge in epidemiological studies of long-term exposure to air pollution is the accuracy of exposure assessment, particularly for outdoor air pollutants that vary widely across space and time such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, ultrafine particles, and chemical constituents of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). To address this gap, HEI initiated five studies under an RFA focused on applying novel approaches to improve long-term exposure assessment of outdoor air pollution. These studies aim to assess exposures to air pollution using new and conventional exposure assessment approaches, evaluate quantitative exposure measurement error to determine the added value of the novel approaches, and apply the exposure estimates in epidemiological analyses to evaluate the potential effect of exposure measurement error on health estimates. Together, these studies should provide novel insights in accounting for spatial and temporal variability in long-term outdoor air pollution exposure assessment in relation to chronic health outcomes. HEI anticipates publishing an article that provides a synthesis of the study findings and discusses lessons learned from this set of studies once they have all have been published in 2025.
Accountability
HEI has a long history of funding accountability research that examines the relationships between air quality actions that are intended to reduce emissions and exposure and improvements in air quality and public health (Figure 3). Accountability studies are appealing because they are the closest epidemiological equivalent to controlled experimental studies in air pollution research and thus can potentially provide supporting evidence for causal relationships. In addition, this research provides critical feedback to decision makers to ensure that they have the most relevant information for crafting effective policies. Most accountability studies to date have focused on the effects of relatively short-term, local-scale, and sometimes temporary interventions. A common challenge encountered is lack of statistical power due to small improvements in air quality or a small population that is affected by the action taken. Another issue is that findings might not be readily transferable to other locations and populations. Only a few accountability studies have sought to investigate large-scale, multiyear regulatory programs. These studies encounter particular difficulties such as making appropriate adjustments for background trends in air quality and health. Moreover, direct attribution of changes in air pollution and health to a single intervention among many regulatory actions remains difficult. Hence, HEI-funded research in this area continues to develop and apply new methods that have shown promise in addressing some of the challenges, including the use of quasi-experimental and causal inference methods.
Figure 3. The chain of accountability in which each box represents a link between air quality action and human health response to air pollution. At several stages, knowledge gained from accountability assessments can provide valuable feedback to inform future air quality actions. Source: HEI 2003.
Accountability studies completed during the current grant period showed that actions to reduce emissions from goods movements were effective in protecting people who had chronic respiratory conditions and lived near ports and goods movement corridors. Other studies showed that replacing older diesel-powered school buses resulted in improvements in school attendance and educational achievement and that enacting policies that reduce exposure to traffic emissions in a large urban area might improve birth outcomes. Another study showed that reductions in a relatively small proportion of emissions could yield a large societal health benefit while targeted emission reductions in certain transportation sectors could yield climate and health co-benefits. In addition to those completed studies, three studies in the review process evaluated major national and state air quality regulations that target power plants and mobile sources in North America and China. A fourth study underway is developing fine-scale metrics for evaluating changes in PM2.5 from various sources to support regulatory accountability and to understand the heterogeneity in air pollution exposure across the United States.
Complex Questions for the Air Pollution Mixture
In 2022, HEI completed a comprehensive research initiative to investigate the health effects of long-term exposure to low levels of air pollution in the United States, Canada, and Europe. The three studies in this research initiative considered associations between several pollutants—including PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone—and a variety of health outcomes and documented positive associations between mortality and exposure to PM2.5 below the level of the annual U.S. NAAQS and current and proposed European Union limit values. Heterogeneity, however, was found in both the magnitude and shape of that association within and across the studies. HEI’s simultaneous funding and collaborations among the investigators created synergies among the teams and facilitated methodological developments and harmonization for pooled analyses. Some data have been made publicly available, thus facilitating transparency and reproducibility. All three studies addressed critical research gaps in understanding the health effects of exposure to low levels of ambient air pollution and provided policy-relevant science.
In 2023, HEI hosted a workshop on the state of science for the health effects of particulate matter exposures. Convening thought leaders and technical experts, the workshop sought to identify critical research priorities to inform interventions or policies to protect health while integrating valuable lessons learned from the comprehensive low-exposure epidemiology research initiative. Participants discussed a variety of topics, including the biological plausibility of health effects from chronic low-dose exposure to particulate matter, the role of the indoor environment in evaluating the health effects of outdoor air pollution, the health effects of extreme air pollution events, and the changing nature of the particulate mixture due to a changing climate and transportation landscape. HEI released a new RFA based on the workshop findings in fall 2024 with funding decisions expected by summer 2025.
The COVID-19 pandemic produced unprecedented conditions that lent themselves to timely and novel air pollution research. In May 2020, only two months after the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic, HEI issued an RFA for studies to investigate potential associations between air pollution, COVID-19, and human health. Four studies were funded to examine the relationship between air pollution exposure and COVID-19 incidence and associated health outcomes in several populations across North America and Europe. These studies revealed positive associations between exposure to ambient air pollution and COVID-19 outcomes, particularly in those with pre-existing conditions or low socioeconomic status. A fifth study was funded to examine the short-term changes in ambient air pollution resulting from COVID-19 lockdowns and the effects on mortality in various regions of the United States, China, Germany, and Italy that had low COVID-19 case numbers before and during the first lockdowns. The study showed that PM2.5 and nitrogen dioxide concentrations had decreased during the lockdowns — even after accounting for seasonal changes in weather — and that there were likely meaningful reductions in deaths related to air pollution because of the changes.
In 2022, HEI held a workshop to promote interdisciplinary exchange on the use of satellite-based remote sensing data in air quality monitoring, exposure assessment, and health applications. Participants explored approaches to incorporate satellite data products into large epidemiological studies and their application for studying the health effects of wildland fires. They also identified challenges, including the complexities of data assimilation and access, and pointed to a need for more communication between data providers and data users and better characterization of limitations. HEI released an RFA in early 2025 with a focus on characterizing how uncertainties and limitations in satellite-derived air quality data might affect the results of health studies.
Global Initiatives Highlights: A Separately Funded Program
Between 2020 and 2025, with support from philanthropic organizations and others, HEI expanded its Global Initiatives Program. In 2021, the program published the first comprehensive global estimates of contributions from the most common sources of exposure to PM2.5 and the associated burden of disease from various causes. As part of its State of Global Air platform, the program published a variety of reports and resources on topics related to air pollution and health; resources such as videos and factsheets are now available in several languages, including Hindi, Swahili, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic. New work was launched in Southeast Europe and East Africa, and work across South Asia was expanded with the goal of advancing research, science-policy translation, and capacity strengthening on air pollution and health in key geographies. In collaboration with the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, the program initiated support for a national research network focused on air pollution and health effects research in India called the Collaborative on Air Pollution and Health Effects Research (CAPHER-India). To strengthen local research and capacity, the program is funding a research study led by India-based investigators to assess the association between exposure to air pollution and health. Targeted trainings have also been conducted to strengthen skills for early-career researchers in the design and conduct of air pollution and health studies. Under the Global Initiatives Program, much of the work is conducted in close partnership with local and regional organizations and scientific experts and is meant to complement ongoing in-country activities. For example, work in East Africa was initiated with a workshop on air pollution and health co-organized in partnership with the Stockholm Environment Institute–Africa Centre, World Resources Institute, Eastern Africa GEOHealth Hub, and AirQo. The program has also contributed to ongoing international efforts on air pollution.
Journal Articles on this Report : 111 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
| Other project views: | All 166 publications | 166 publications in selected types | All 121 journal articles |
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Ganji A, Youseffi O, Xu JS, Mallienen K, Lloyd M, Wang A, Bakhtari A, Weichenthal S, Hatzopoulou M. Design, calibration, and testing of a mobile sensor system for air pollution and built environment data collection:The urban scanner platform. Environmental Pollution 2023;317:120720. |
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Groot J, Keller A, Pedersen M, Sisgaard T, Loft S, Andersen A. Indoor home environments of Danish children and the socioeconomic position and health of their parents:A descriptive study. Environmental International 2022;160. |
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Lloyd M, Ganji A, Xu J, Venuta A, Simon L, Shang M, Saeedi M, Yamanouchi S, Apte J, Hong K, Hatzopoulou M, Predicting spacial variations in annual average ultrafine particle concentrations in Montreal and Toronto, Canada:Integrating land use regression and deep learning models. Environmental International 2023;178:10816. |
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Ma Y, Nobile F, Marb A, Dubrow R, Stafoggia M, Breitner S, et al. Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide and mortality in 4 countries. JAMA Netw Open 2024;7(3):e2354607. |
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Peters S, Bouma F, Hoek G, Janssen N, Vermeulen R. Air pollution exposure and mortality from neurodegenerative diseases in the Netherlands: a population-based cohort study. Environmental Research 2024;259:119552. |
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Willis MD, Harris L, Campbell EJ, Sawyer E, Harleman M, Ritz B, Hill EL, Hystad P. A population-based cohort study of electronic tolling, traffic congestion, and adverse birth outcomes. Environmental International 2024;183:108355. |
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Fang T, Lakey PS, Weber RJ, Shiraiwa M. Oxidative potential of particulate matter and generation of reactive oxygen species in epithelial lining fluid. Environmental Science & Technology 201;53(21):12784-12792. |
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McDuffie EE, Smith SJ, O'Rourke P, Tibrewal K, Venkataraman C, Marais EA, Zheng B, Crippa M, Brauer M, Martin RV. A global anthropogenic emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants from sector-and fuel-specific sources (1970–2017):an application of the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). Earth System Science Data Discussions 2020;2020:1-49. |
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Zhao S, Russell MG, Hakami A, Capps SL, Turner MD, Henze DK, Percell PB, Resler J, Shen H, Russell AG, Nenes A. A multiphase CMAQ version 5.0 adjoint. Geoscientific Model Development 2020;13(7):2925-2944. |
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Chambliss SE, Preble CV, Caubel JJ, Cados T, Messier KP, Alvarez RA, LaFranchi B, Lunden M, Marshall JD, Szpiro AA, Kirchstetter TW. Comparison of mobile and fixed-site black carbon measurements for high-resolution urban pollution mapping. Environmental Science & Technology 2020;54(13):7848-7857. |
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Gonzalez-Rivera JC, Orr AA, Engels SM, Jakubowski JM, Sherman MW, O'Connor KN, Matteson T, Woodcock BC, Contreras LM, Tamamis P. Computational evolution of an RNA-binding protein towards enhanced oxidized-RNA binding. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 2020;18:137-152. |
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Chen J, De Hoogh K, Gulliver J, Hoffmann B, Hertel O, Ketzel M, Weinmayr G, Bauwelinck M, Van Donkelaar A, Hvidtfeldt UA, Atkinson R. Development of Europe-wide models for particle elemental composition using supervised linear regression and random forest. Environmental Science & Technology 2020;54(24):15698-15709. |
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Erickson AC, Christidis T, Pappin A, Brook JR, Crouse DL, Hystad P, Li C, Martin RV, Meng J, Pinault L, van Donkelaar A. Disease assimilation:the mortality impacts of fine particulate matter on immigrants to Canada. Health Reports 2020;31(3):14-26. |
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Crouse DL, Erickson AC, Christidis T, Pinault L, Van Donkelaar A, Li C, Meng J, Martin RV, Tjepkema M, Hystad P, Burnett R. Evaluating the sensitivity of PM2.5–mortality associations to the spatial and temporal scale of exposure assessment. Epidemiology 2020;31(2):168-176. |
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Lubczyńska MJ, Muetzel RL, El Marroun H, Basagaña X, Strak M, Denault W, Jaddoe VW, Hillegers M, Vernooij MW, Hoek G, White T. Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and childhood, and white matter microstructure in preadolescents. Environmental Health Perspectives 2020;128(2):027005. |
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Gonzalez-Rivera JC, Baldridge KC, Wang DS, Patel K, Chuvalo-Abraham JC, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Contreras LM. Post-transcriptional air pollution oxidation to the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway promotes pulmonary stress phenotypes. Communications Biology 2020;3(1):392. |
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Su JG, Meng YY, Chen X, Molitor J, Yue D, Jerrett M. Predicting differential improvements in annual pollutant concentrations and exposures for regulatory policy assessment. Environment International 2020;143:105942. |
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Gonzalez-Rivera JC, Sherman MW, Wang DS, Chuvalo-Abraham JC, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Contreras LM. RNA oxidation in chromatin modification and DNA-damage response following exposure to formaldehyde. Scientific Reports 2020;10(1):16545. |
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Wei J, Fang T, Wong C, Lakey PS, Nizkorodov SA, Shiraiwa M. Superoxide formation from aqueous reactions of biogenic secondary organic aerosols. Environmental Science & Technology 2020;55(1):260-270. |
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Zhang Z, Weichenthal S, Kwong JC, Burnett RT, Hatzopoulou M, Jerrett M, van Donkelaar A, Bai L, Martin RV, Copes R, Lu H. A population-based cohort study of respiratory disease and long-term exposure to iron and copper in fine particulate air pollution and their combined impact on reactive oxygen species generation in human lungs. Environmental Science & Technology 2021;55(6):3807-3818. |
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Lubczyńska MJ, Muetzel RL, El Marroun H, Hoek G, Kooter IM, Thomson EM, Hillegers M, Vernooij MW, White T, Tiemeier H, Guxens M. Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and childhood and brain morphology in preadolescents. Environmental Research 2021;198:110446. |
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Burnor E, Cserbik D, Cotter DL, Palmer CE, Ahmadi H, Eckel SP, Berhane K, McConnell R, Chen JC, Schwartz J, Jackson R. Association of outdoor ambient fine particulate matter with intracellular white matter microstructural properties among children. JAMA Network Open 2021;4(12):e2138300-. |
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Klompmaker JO, Janssen N, Andersen ZJ, Atkinson R, Bauwelinck M, Chen J, De Hoogh K, Houthuijs D, Katsouyanni K, Marra M, Oftedal B. Comparison of associations between mortality and air pollution exposure estimated with a hybrid, a land-use regression and a dispersion model. Environment International 2021;146:106306. |
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Hwang B, Fang T, Pham R, Wei J, Gronstal S, Lopez B, Frederickson C, Galeazzo T, Wang X, Jung H, Shiraiwa M. Environmentally persistent free radicals, reactive oxygen species generation, and oxidative potential of highway PM2.5. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2021;5(8):1865-1875. |
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Lelieveld S, Wilson J, Dovrou E, Mishra A, Lakey PS, Shiraiwa M, Pöschl U, Berkemeier T. Hydroxyl radical production by air pollutants in epithelial lining fluid governed by interconversion and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Environmental Science & Technology 2021;55(20):14069-14079. |
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Wei J, Fang T, Lakey PS, Shiraiwa M. Iron-facilitated organic radical formation from secondary organic aerosols in surrogate lung fluid. Environmental Science & Technology 2021;56(11):7234-7243. |
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Chambliss SE, Pinon CP, Messier KP, LaFranchi B, Upperman CR, Lunden MM, Robinson AL, Marshall JD, Apte JS. Local-and regional-scale racial and ethnic disparities in air pollution determined by long-term mobile monitoring. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2021;118(37):e2109249118. |
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Strak M, Weinmayr G, Rodopoulou S, Chen J, De Hoogh K, Andersen ZJ, Atkinson R, Bauwelinck M, Bekkevold T, Bellander T, Boutron-Ruault MC. Long term exposure to low level air pollution and mortality in eight European cohorts within the ELAPSE project:pooled analysis. British Medical Journal 2021;374. |
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So R, Chen J, Mehta AJ, Liu S, Strak M, Wolf K. Long-term exposure to air pollution and liver cancer incidence in six European cohorts. International Journal of Cancer 2021;149:1887-1897. |
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Hvidtfeldt UA, Chen J, Andersen ZJ, Atkinson R, Bauwelinck M, Bellander T. Long-term exposure to fine particle elemental components and lung cancer incidence in the ELAPSE pooled cohort. Environmental Research 2021;193:110568.. |
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Chen J, Rodopoulou S, de Hoogh K, Strak M, Andersen ZJ, Atkinson R, Bauwelinck M, Bellander T, Brandt J, Cesaroni G, Concin H. Long-term exposure to fine particle elemental components and natural and cause-specific mortality—a pooled analysis of eight European cohorts within the ELAPSE project. Environmental Health Perspectives 2021;129(4):047009. |
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Zhang Z, Weichenthal S, Kwong JC, Burnett RT, Hatzopoulou M, Jerrett M, Donkelaar AV, Bai L, Martin RV, Copes R, Lu H. Long-term exposure to iron and copper in fine particulate air pollution and their combined impact on reactive oxygen species concentration in lung fluid:a population-based cohort study of cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in Toronto, Canada. International Journal of Epidemiology 2021;50(2):589-601. |
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Liu S, Jørgensen JT, Ljungman P, Pershagen G, Bellander T, Leander K. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma:the ELAPSE project. European Respiratory Journal 2021;57:2003099. |
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Liu S, Jørgensen JT, Ljungman P, Pershagen G, Bellander T, Leander K. Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:The ELAPSE project. Environment International 2021;146:106267. |
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Wolf K, Hoffmann B, Andersen ZJ, Atkinson RW, Bauwelinck M, Bellander T, Brandt J, Brunekreef B, Cesaroni G, Chen J, De Faire U. Long-term exposure to low-level ambient air pollution and incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease:a pooled analysis of six European cohorts within the ELAPSE project. The Lancet Planetary Health 2021;5(9):e620-32. |
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Hvidtfeldt UA, Severi G, Andersen ZJ, Atkinson R, Bauwelinck M, Bellander T, Boutron-Ruault MC, Brandt J, Brunekreef B, Cesaroni G, Chen J. Long-term low-level ambient air pollution exposure and risk of lung cancer–A pooled analysis of 7 European cohorts. Environment International 2021;146:106249. |
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Samoli E, Rodopoulou S, Hvidtfeldt UA, Wolf K, Stafoggia M, Brunekreef B. Modeling multi-level survival data in multi-center epidemiological cohort studies:applications from the ELAPSE project. Environment International 2021;147:106371. |
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Ripley S, Minet L, Zalzal J, Godri Pollitt K, Gao D, Lakey PS, Shiraiwa M, Maher BA, Hatzopoulou M, Weichenthal S. Predicting spatial variations in multiple measures of PM2.5 oxidative potential and magnetite nanoparticles in Toronto and Montreal, Canada. Environmental Science & Technology 2021;56(11):7256-7265. |
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McDuffie EE, Martin RV, Spadaro JV, Burnett R, Smith SJ, O’Rourke P, Hammer MS, van Donkelaar A, Bindle L, Shah V, Jaeglé L. Source sector and fuel contributions to ambient PM2. 5 and attributable mortality across multiple spatial scales. Nature Communications 2021;12(1):3594. |
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Gani S, Chambliss SE, Messier KP, Lunden MM, Apte JS. Spatiotemporal profiles of ultrafine particles differ from other traffic-related air pollutants:lessons from long-term measurements at fixed sites and mobile monitoring. Environmental Science:Atmospheres 2021;1(7):558-568. |
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Stieb DM, Evans GJ, To TM, Lakey PS, Shiraiwa M, Hatzopoulou M, Minet L, Brook JR, Burnett RT, Weichenthal SA. Within-city variation in reactive oxygen species from fine particle air pollution and COVID-19. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2021;204(2):168-177. |
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Willis MD, Schrank D, Xu C, Harris L, Ritz BR, Hill EL, Hystad P. A population-based cohort study of traffic congestion and infant growth using connected vehicle data. Science Advances 2022;8(43):eabp8281. |
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Binter AC, Kusters MS, van den Dries MA, Alonso L, Lubczyńska MJ, Hoek G, White T, Iñiguez C, Tiemeier H, Guxens M. Air pollution, white matter microstructure, and brain volumes:periods of susceptibility from pregnancy to preadolescence. Environmental Pollution 2022;313:120109. |
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Pinot De Moira A, Strandberg-Larsen K, Bishop T, Pedersen M, Avraam D, Cadman T, Calas L, Casas M, de Lauzon Guillain B, Elhakeem A, Esplugues A. Associations of early-life pet ownership with asthma and allergic sensitization:a meta-analysis of more than 77,000 children from the EU Child Cohort Network. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2022;150(1):82-92. |
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To T, Terebessy E, Zhu J, Zhang K, Lakey PS, Shiraiwa M, Hatzopoulou M, Minet L, Weichenthal S, Dell S, Stieb D. Does early life exposure to exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase the risk of respiratory and allergic diseases in children? a longitudinal cohort study. Environmental Health 2022;21(1):90. |
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Wei J, Fang T, Shiraiwa M. Effects of acidity on reactive oxygen species formation from secondary organic aerosols. ACS environmental Au 2022;2(4):336-345. |
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Klompmaker JO< Janssen NAH, Bloemsma LD, Gehring U, Wijga AH, Van Den Brink C. Erratum:associations of combined exposures to surrounding green, air pollution, and road traffic noise with cardiometabolic diseases. Environmental Health Perspectives 2022;130:049001. |
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Bereziartua A, Chen J, de Hoogh K, Rodopoulou S, Andersen ZJ, Bellander T, Brandt J, Fecht D, Forastiere F, Gulliver J, Hertel O. Exposure to surrounding greenness and natural-cause and cause-specific mortality in the ELAPSE pooled cohort. Environment International 2022;166:107341. |
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Pérez-Crespo L, Kusters MS, López-Vicente M, Lubczyńska MJ, Foraster M, White T, Hoek G, Tiemeier H, Muetzel RL, Guxens M. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and noise during pregnancy and childhood, and functional brain connectivity in preadolescents. Environment International 2022;164:107275. |
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Weichenthal S, Pinault L, Christidis T, Burnett RT, Brook JR, Chu Y, Crouse DL, Erickson AC, Hystad P, Li C, Martin RV. How low can you go? Air pollution affects mortality at very low levels. Science Advances 2022;8(39):eabo3381. |
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Pedersen M. Is ambient air pollution a risk factor for fecundity?. Paediatric & Perinatal Epidemiology 2022;36(1). |
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Hvidtfeldt UA, Taj T, Chen J, Rodopoulou S, Strak M, de Hoogh K, Andersen ZJ, Bellander T, Brandt J, Fecht D, Forastiere F. Long term exposure to air pollution and kidney parenchyma cancer–effects of low-level air pollution:a study in Europe (ELAPSE). Environmental Research 2022;215:114385. |
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Liu S, Lim YH, Chen J, Strak M, Wolf K, Weinmayr G, Rodopolou S, de Hoogh K, Bellander T, Brandt J, Concin H. Long-term air pollution exposure and pneumonia-related mortality in a large pooled European cohort. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2022;205(12):1429-1439. |
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Andersen ZJ, Zhang J, Jørgensen JT, Samoli E, Liu S, Chen J, Strak M, Wolf K, Weinmayr G, Rodopolou S, Remfry E. Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality from dementia, psychiatric disorders, and suicide in a large pooled European cohort:ELAPSE study. Environment International 2022;170:107581. |
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So R, Andersen ZJ, Chen J, Stafoggia M, de Hoogh K, Katsouyanni K, Vienneau D, Rodopoulou S, Samoli E, Lim YH, Jørgensen JT. Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in a Danish nationwide administrative cohort study:beyond mortality from cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. Environment International 2022;164:107241. |
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Chen J, Rodopoulou S, Strak M, De Hoogh K, Taj T, Poulsen AH, Andersen ZJ, Bellander T, Brandt J, Zitt E, Fecht D. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and bladder cancer incidence in a pooled European cohort:the ELAPSE project. British Journal of Cancer 2022;126(10):1499-1507. |
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Rodopoulou S, Stafoggia M, Chen J, de Hoogh K, Bauwelinck M, Mehta AJ, Klompmaker JO, Oftedal B, Vienneau D, Janssen NA, Strak M. Long-term exposure to fine particle elemental components and mortality in Europe:results from six European administrative cohorts within the ELAPSE project. Science of the Total Environment 2022;809:152205. |
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Stafoggia M, Oftedal B, Chen J, Rodopoulou S, Renzi M, Atkinson RW, Bauwelinck M, Klompmaker JO, Mehta A, Vienneau D, Andersen ZJ. Long-term exposure to low ambient air pollution concentrations and mortality among 28 million people:results from seven large European cohorts within the ELAPSE project. The Lancet Planetary Health 2022;6(1):e9-18. |
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Chen J, Hoek G, De Hoogh K, Rodopoulou S, Andersen ZJ, Bellander T, Brandt J, Fecht D, Forastiere F, Gulliver J, Hertel O. Long-term exposure to source-specific fine particles and mortality─ a pooled analysis of 14 European cohorts within the ELAPSE project. Environmental Science & Technology 2022;56(13):9277-9290. |
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Xu J, Zhang M, Ganji A, Mallinen K, Wang A, Lloyd M, Venuta A, Simon L, Kang J, Gong J, Zamel Y. Prediction of short-term ultrafine particle exposures using real-time street-level images paired with air quality measurements. Environmental Science & Technology 2022;56(18):12886-12897. |
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Meng YY, Yue D, Molitor J, Chen X, Su JG, Jerrett M. Reductions in NO2 and emergency room visits associated with California's goods movement policies:a quasi-experimental study. Environmental Research 2022;213:113600. |
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Fang T, Huang YK, Wei J, Monterrosa Mena JE, Lakey PS, Kleinman MT, Digman MA, Shiraiwa M. Superoxide release by macrophages through NADPH oxidase activation dominating chemistry by isoprene secondary organic aerosols and quinones to cause oxidative damage on membranes. Environmental Science & Technology 2022;56(23):17029-17038. |
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Bauwelinck M, Chen J, de Hoogh K, Katsouyanni K, Rodopoulou S, Samoli E, Andersen ZJ, Atkinson R, Casas L, Deboosere P, Demoury C. Variability in the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality by exposure assessment method and covariate adjustment:a census-based country-wide cohort study. Science of the Total Environment 2022;804:150091. |
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Clougherty JE, Humphrey JL, Kinnee EJ, Remigio R, Sheffield PE. What is “socioeconomic position (SEP),” and how might it modify air pollution-health associations? Cohering findings, identifying challenges, and disentangling effects of SEP and race in US city settings. Current Environmental Health Reports 2022;9(3):355-365. |
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Vienneau D, Stafoggia M, Rodopoulou S, Chen J, Atkinson RW, Bauwelinck M, Klompmaker JO, Oftedal B, Andersen ZJ, Janssen NA, So R. Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland. Environmental Health 2023;22(1):29. |
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Hvidtfeldt UA, Chen J, Rodopoulou S, Strak M, de Hoogh K, Andersen ZJ, Bellander T, Brandt J, Fecht D, Forastiere F, Gulliver J. Breast cancer incidence in relation to long-term low-level exposure to air pollution in the ELAPSE pooled cohort. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2023;32(1):105-113. |
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Willis MD, Hill EL, Ncube CN, Campbell EJ, Harris L, Harleman M, Ritz B, Hystad P. Changes in socioeconomic disparities for traffic-related air pollution exposure during pregnancy over a 20-year period in Texas. JAMA Network Open 2023;6(8):e2328012-. |
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Harleman M, Harris L, Willis MD, Ritz B, Hystad P, Hill EL. Changes in traffic congestion and air pollution due to major roadway infrastructure improvements in Texas. Science of the Total Environment 2023;898:165463. |
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Stafoggia M, Analitis A, Chen J, Rodopoulou S, Brunekreef B, Hoek G, Wolf K, Samoli E. Comparing “causal” and “traditional” approaches in the association of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution on mortality:how sensitive are the results?. Environment International 2023;174:107872. |
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Wolf K, Rodopoulou S, Chen J, Andersen ZJ, Atkinson RW, Bauwelinck M, Janssen NA, Kristoffersen DT, Lim YH, Oftedal B, Strak M. Comparison of traditional Cox regression and causal modeling to investigate the association between long-term air pollution exposure and natural-cause mortality within European cohorts. Environmental Pollution 2023;327:121515. |
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Pedersen M, Liu S, Zhang J, Jovanovic Andersen Z, Brandt J, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Bønnelykke K, Frohn LM, Nybo Andersen AM, Ketzel M, Khan J. Early-life exposure to ambient air pollution from multiple sources and asthma incidence in children:a nationwide birth cohort study from Denmark. Environmental Health Perspectives 2023;131(5):057003. |
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Milà C, Ballester J, Basagana X, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Tonne C. Estimating daily air temperature and pollution in Catalonia:A comprehensive spatiotemporal modelling of multiple exposures. Environmental Pollution 2023;337:122501. |
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Bouma F, Hoek G, Koppelman GH, Vonk JM, Kerckhoffs J, Vermeulen R, Gehring U. Exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and allergic sensitization in children up to 16 years. Environmental Research 2023;219:115102. |
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Groot J, Nielsen ET, Nielsen TF, Andersen PK, Pedersen M, Sigsgaard T, Loft S, Andersen AM, Keller A. Exposure to residential mold and dampness and the associations with respiratory tract infections and symptoms thereof in children in high income countries:a systematic review and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2023;48:47-64. |
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Meng Q, Liu J, Shen J, Del Rosario I, Lakey PS, Shiraiwa M, Su J, Weichenthal S, Zhu Y, Oroumiyeh F, Paulson SE. Fine particulate matter metal composition, oxidative potential, and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles. Environmental Health Perspectives 2023;131(10):107012. |
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Cole-Hunter T, Zhang J, So R, Samoli E, Liu S, Chen J, Strak M, Wolf K, Weinmayr G, Rodopolou S, Remfry E. Long-term air pollution exposure and Parkinson’s disease mortality in a large pooled European cohort:an ELAPSE study. Environment International 2023;171:107667. |
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Hvidtfeldt UA, Chen J, Rodopoulou S, Strak M, De Hoogh K, Andersen ZJ. Long-term air pollution exposure and malignant intracranial tumours of the central nervous system:a pooled analysis of six European cohorts. British Journal of Cancer 2023;129:656-664. |
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Zhang J, Lim YH, So R, Jørgensen JT, Mortensen LH, Napolitano GM, Cole-Hunter T, Loft S, Bhatt S, Hoek G, Brunekreef B. Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalisation or death:Danish nationwide cohort study. European Respiratory Journal 2023;62(1). |
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Ranzani O, Alari A, Olmos S, Milà C, Rico A, Ballester J, Basagaña X, Chaccour C, Dadvand P, Duarte-Salles T, Foraster M. Long-term exposure to air pollution and severe COVID-19 in Catalonia:a population-based cohort study. Nature Communications 2023;14(1):2916. |
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So R, Chen J, Stafoggia M, de Hoogh K, Katsouyanni K, Vienneau D, Samoli E, Rodopoulou S, Loft S, Lim YH, Westendorp RG. Long-term exposure to elemental components of fine particulate matter and all-natural and cause-specific mortality in a Danish nationwide administrative cohort study. Environmental Research 2023;224:115552. |
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Chen J, Braun D, Christidis T, Cork M, Rodopoulou S, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Wolf K, Wu X, Yuchi W, Andersen ZJ. Long-term exposure to low-level formula PM2.5 and mortality:investigation of heterogeneity by harmonizing analyses in large cohort studies in Canada, United States, and Europe. Environmental Health Perspectives 2023;131:127003. |
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Amadou A, Praud D, Coudon T, Deygas F, Grassot L, Dubuis M, Faure E, Couvidat F, Caudeville J, Bessagnet B, Salizzoni P. Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide air pollution and breast cancer risk:A nested case-control within the French E3N cohort study. Environmental Pollution 2023;317:120719. |
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Bouma F, Janssen NA, Wesseling J, van Ratingen S, Strak M, Kerckhoffs J, Gehring U, Hendricx W, de Hoogh K, Vermeulen R, Hoek G. Long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and natural and cause-specific mortality. Environment International 2023;175:107960. |
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Hvidtfeldt UA, Chen J, Rodopoulou S, Strak M, de Hoogh K, Andersen ZJ, Bellander T, Brandt J, Forastiere F, Brynedal B, Hertel O. Multiple myeloma risk in relation to long-term air pollution exposure-A pooled analysis of four European cohorts. Environmental Research 2023;239:117230. |
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Pedersen CE, Eliasen AU, Ketzel M, Brandt J, Loft S, Frohn LM, Khan J, Brix S, Rasmussen MA, Stokholm J, Chawes B. Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with early life immune perturbations. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2023;151(1):212-221. |
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Pedde M, Szpiro A, Hirth R, Adar SD. Randomized design evidence of the attendance benefits of the EPA School Bus Rebate Program. Nature Sustainability 2023;6(7):838-844. |
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Chatterjee D, McDuffie EE, Smith SJ, Bindle L, Van Donkelaar A, Hammer MS, Venkataraman C, Brauer M, Martin RV. Source contributions to fine particulate matter and attributable mortality in India and the surrounding region. Environmental Science & Technology 2023;57(28):10263-10275. |
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Pinot De Moira A, Pearce N, Pedersen M, Nybo Andersen AM. The influence of early-life animal exposure on the risk of childhood atopic dermatitis, asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis:findings from the Danish National Birth Cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology 2023;52(4):1231-1242. |
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Ripley S, Gao D, Pollitt KJ, Lakey PS, Shiraiwa M, Hatzopoulou M, Weichenthal S. Within-city spatial variations in long-term average outdoor oxidant gas concentrations and cardiovascular mortality:effect modification by oxidative potential in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort. Environmental Epidemiology 2023;7(4):e257. |
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Campbell CE, Cotter DL, Bottenhorn KL, Burnor E, Ahmadi H, Gauderman WJ, Cardenas-Iniguez C, Hackman D, McConnell R, Berhane K, Schwartz J. Air pollution and age-dependent changes in emotional behavior across early adolescence in the US. Environmental Research 2024;240:117390. |
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Ma Y, Nobile F, Marb A, Dubrow R, Kinney PL, Peters A, et al. Air pollution changes due to COVID-19 lockdowns and attributable mortality changes in four countries. Environment International 2024;187:108668. |
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Ganji A, Saeedi M, Lloyd M, Xu J, Weichenthal S, Hatzopoulou M. Air pollution prediction and backcasting through a combination of mobile monitoring and historical on-road traffic emission inventories. Science of the Total Environment 2024;915:170075. |
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Hystad P, Hill EL, Larkin A, Schrank D, Harleman M, Volkin E, et al. Changes in traffic-related air pollution exposures and associations with adverse birth outcomes over 20 years in Texas. International Journal of Epidemiology 2024;54(1):dyae178. |
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Humphrey JL, Kinnee EJ, Robinson LF, Clougherty JE. Disentangling impacts of multiple pollutants on acute cardiovascular events in New York city:A case-crossover analysis. Environmental Research 2024;242:117758. |
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Xu J, Saeedi M, Zalzal J, Zhang M, Ganji A, Mallinen K, et al. Exploring the triple burden of social disadvantage, mobility poverty, and exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Science of The Total Environment 2024;920:170947. |
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Keller A, Groot J, Clippet-Jensen C, Pinot De Moira A, Pedersen M, Sigsgaard T, et al. Exposure to different residential indoor characteristics during childhood and asthma in adolescence:a latent class analysis of the Danish National Birth Cohort. Eur J Epidemiol 2024;39(1):51-65. |
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Larkin A, Willis MD, Harris L, Ritz B, Hill EL, Hystad P. High traffic roads and adverse birth outcomes:comparing births upwind and downwind of the same road. American Journal of Epidemiology 2024;193(12):1720-8. |
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Taj T, Chen J, Rodopoulou S, Strak M, De Hoogh K, Poulsen AH, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of leukemia and lymphoma in a pooled European cohort. Environmental Pollution 2024;343:123097. |
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Downward GS, Hystad P, Tasmin S, Abe SK, Saito E, Rahman MS, Islam MR, Gupta PC, Sawada N, Malekzadeh R, You SL. Long-term exposure to particulate matter and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in an analysis of multiple Asian cohorts. Environment international 2024;189:108803. |
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Weinmayr G, Chen J, Jaensch A, Skodda L, Rodopoulou S, Strak M, et al. Long-term exposure to several constituents and sources of PM2.5 is associated with incidence of upper aerodigestive tract cancers but not gastric cancer:Results from the large pooled European cohort of the ELAPSE project. Science of The Total Environment 2024;912:168789. |
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Upadhya AR, Kushwaha M, Agrawal P, Gingrich JD, Asundi J, Sreekanth V, et al. Multi-season mobile monitoring campaign of on-road air pollution in Bengaluru, India:High-resolution mapping and estimation of quasi-emission factors. Science of The Total Environment 2024;914:169987. |
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Zhang J, Lim Y-H, Chen J, Hyman S, Cole-Hunter T, Tuffier S, et al. Residential greenspace and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Environment International 2024;194:109173. |
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Hill E, Harleman M, Harris L, Sventek G, Ritz B, Campbell EJ, Willis M, Hystad P. Roadway construction as a natural experiment to examine air pollution impacts on infant health. Environmental Research 2024;252:118788. |
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Hakami A, Zhao S, Vasilakos P, Alhusban A, Oztaner YB, Krupnick A, Chang H, Russell A. Spatiotemporally detailed quantification of air quality benefits of emissions–part II:sensitivity to study parameters and assumptions. ACS ES&T Air 2024;1(10):1227-1238. |
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Zhang J, Andersen ZJ, Napolitano GM, Lim YH. Investigation of potential collider bias in estimating the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality. Environmental Epidemiology 2025;9(3):e394. |
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Marb A, Ma Y, Nobile F, Dubrow R, Kinney PL, Stafoggia M, Chen K, Peters A, Breitner S. Short-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter and cause-specific mortality:a causal modeling approach in four regions. Environmental Pollution 2025;372:126059. |
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Xu J, Ganji A, Saeedi M, Jeong CH, Su Y, Munoz T, Lloyd M, Weichenthal S, Evans G, Hatzopoulou M. Unveiling the impact of wildfires on nanoparticle characteristics and exposure disparities through mobile and fixed-site monitoring in Toronto, Canada. Environmental Science & Technology 2025;59(11):5621-35. |
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Lloyd M, Olaniyan T, Ganji A, Xu J, Venuta A, Simon L, Zhang M, Saeedi M, Yamanouchi S, Wang A, Schmidt A. Airborne nanoparticle concentrations are associated with increased mortality risk in Canada’s two largest cities. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2024;210(11):1338-1347. |
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Liu J, Banerjee S, Oroumiyeh F, Shen J, Del Rosario I, Lipsitt J, Paulson S, Ritz B, Su J, Weichenthal S, Lakey P. Co-kriging with a low-cost sensor network to estimate spatial variation of brake and tire-wear metals and oxidative stress potential in Southern California. Environment International 2022;168:107481. |
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Weichenthal S, Christidis T, Olaniyan T, van Donkelaar A, Martin R, Tjepkema M, Burnett RT, Brauer M. Epidemiological studies likely need to consider PM2.5 composition even if total outdoor PM2.5Environmental Epidemiology 2024;8(4):e317. |
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Fang T, Hwang BCH, Kapur S, Hopstock KS, Wei J, Nguyen V, Nizkorodov SA, Shiraiwa M. Wildfire particulate matter as a source of environmentally persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Environmental Science:Atmospheres 2023;3:581-594. |
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Supplemental Keywords:
Air quality, Accountability, Exposure science, Environmental mixtures, TransportationRelevant Websites:
Progress and Final Reports:
Original AbstractThe perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Conclusions drawn by the principal investigators have not been reviewed by the Agency.