Grantee Research Project Results
2017 Progress Report: Water Innovation Network for Sustainable Small Systems (WINSSS)
EPA Grant Number: R835602Center: Water Innovation Network for Sustainable Small Systems
Center Director: Reckhow, David A.
Title: Water Innovation Network for Sustainable Small Systems (WINSSS)
Investigators: Reckhow, David A. , Lawler, Desmond , Kinney, Kerry A. , Speitel, Gerald E. , Boyer, Treavor H. , Dvorak, Bruce I. , Kirisits, Mary Jo , Butler, Caitlin S. , Ray, Chittaranjan , Park, Chul , Brown, Jess , Tobiason, John , Katz, Lynn , Saleh, Navid , Shenoy, Prashant , Zhang, Qiong , Lai, Rebecca , Wilson, Steven
Current Investigators: Reckhow, David A. , Lawler, Desmond , Kinney, Kerry A. , Speitel, Gerald E. , Katz, Lynn , Kirisits, Mary Jo , Ray, Chittaranjan , Tobiason, John , Boyer, Treavor H. , Zhang, Qiong , Butler, Caitlin S. , Park, Chul , Shenoy, Prashant , Saleh, Navid , Dvorak, Bruce I. , Wilson, Steven , Brown, Jess , Lai, Rebecca
Institution: University of Massachusetts - Amherst , University of Florida , University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Carollo Engineers , University of Nebraska at Lincoln , University of South Florida , The University of Texas at Austin
Current Institution: University of Massachusetts - Amherst , The University of Texas at Austin , University of Florida , University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , University of Nebraska at Lincoln , University of South Florida , Carollo Engineers
EPA Project Officer: Aja, Hayley
Project Period: August 1, 2014 through July 31, 2017 (Extended to July 31, 2019)
Project Period Covered by this Report: August 1, 2016 through July 31,2017
Project Amount: $4,100,000
RFA: National Centers for Innovation in Small Drinking Water Systems (2013) RFA Text | Recipients Lists
Research Category: Drinking Water , Water
Objective:
The Water Innovation Network for Sustainable Small Systems (WINSSS) brings together a national team of experts to transform drinking water treatment for small water systems (SWS) to meet the urgent need for state-of-the-art innovation, development, demonstration, and implementation of treatment, information, and process technologies in part by leveraging existing relationships with industry through the Massachusetts Water Cluster.
Progress Summary:
Project A1: Implementing ferrate treatment of drinking water in the U.S.
Ferrate (Fe(VI)) has been proposed as a viable oxidant in drinking water treatment and has been demonstrated to decrease disinfection byproduct formation potential (DBPFP) in finished water. Ferrate may also benefit coagulation, provide disinfection, and does not produce regulated DBPs. Previous bench-scale research suggested that intermediate ferrate (i.e., ferrate dosed after clarification) may have a greater impact on destruction of disinfection byproduct precursors than ferrate pre-oxidation. A continuous flow apparatus that simulates a full-scale drinking water treatment system was used to assess the effects of intermediate ferrate on operational parameters including filter head loss and filter effluent DBPFP. Continuous flow results have shown that pre- and intermediate ferrate oxidation have similar benefits for control of DBPs as compared to not using the oxidant, and that media filter performance following intermediate oxidation was excellent. Challenges for implementing ferrate treatment include commercial production for application and the need to document “Ct” for disinfection effectiveness in order to fully realize the multiple potential benefits of ferrate treatment for drinking water production.
Project A2: Simultaneous Removal of Inorganic Contaminants, DBP Precursors, and Particles in Alum and Ferric Coagulation
This research has been designed to investigate the potential for removing several inorganic contaminants of interest with the use of metal ion coagulation, particularly alum and ferric chloride coagulants, and the effect of natural organic matter on the potential for that removal. Although few natural waters have any of these inorganic constituents at concentrations that exceed the EPA’s Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), their presence presents a substantial challenge to water treatment plants, especially small plants. The assumption is that small plants that are already using a metal coagulant would benefit if these contaminants could be removed to an acceptable degree by coagulation. If operational changes such as changing the pH or increasing the metal coagulant dose could result in meeting the MCL for another constituent of interest, this solution would probably be cheaper than installing an additional treatment process specifically for that contaminant. The effect of NOM is considered competitive if the removal of the inorganic ligand is less in the presence of NOM than in its absence; this was found for arsenic V, fluoride and (with iron) chromium VI. Alternatively, the effect of NOM is synergistic if the ligand removal increases in the presence of NOM; this was true for arsenic III, mercury, and (with alum) chromium VI. NOM had no effect on chromium III removal.
Project A3: Contaminant reduction, life cycle impacts, and life cycle costs of ion exchange (IX) treatment and regeneration
The research objectives of project A3 were to (1) conduct a long-term IX pilot plant study on the performance of bicarbonate-form anion exchange resin (AER) for contaminant removal and sodium bicarbonate salt for AER regeneration, and (2) develop a user-friendly tool that enables one to dynamically link LCA and LCC with process models of IX systems. The project objectives have been achieved and shared via publications and presentations. Project findings focused on comparing anionic IX regeneration with chloride versus bicarbonate salts are summarized as follows:
- For DOC removal, the two regenerants are equal,
- Regeneration efficiency is better with chloride than with bicarbonate, and polyacrylic resin if more efficiently regenerated than polystyrene,
- Chloride has lower cost for regeneration but higher cost for brine disposal.
Project A4: Natural Filtration Impacts on Post Disinfection Water Quality in Small Systems
Small water systems often experience fluctuating quality of water in the distribution system after disinfection. Dissolved organic carbon in surface water contributes to the formation of several disinfection byproducts (DBPs) when chlorine is used as the disinfectant. Systems that use chloramine also experience the depletion of chlorine residuals due to nitrification in summer months. Natural filtration is a treatment technology that has been used for communities of various sizes to fully treat or pre-treat the surface water before supply. It is ideal for small communities that are located on riverbanks, but research is scarce about how natural filtration affect the formation and subsequent fate of DBPs when chlorine or chloramines are used as disinfectants. Two Nebraska communities that use natural filtration, that would otherwise use surface water treatment plants to remove sufficient NOM to avoid DBP rule violations, have been monitored. The primary data helps document the fact that in many cases natural filtration can provide water that results in DBP concentrations that meet Stage 1 standards.
Project B1: A Standardized Approach to Technology Approval
Regulatory acceptance of new treatment technologies for use by small community water systems occurs on a state-by-state basis. The fact that states have varying laws, rules, and procedures for the regulatory acceptance of new technologies can be a major barrier to the diffusion of new technologies nationwide. Consulting engineers that assist small systems and small systems themselves often do not consider innovations but continue to utilize existing approaches.
This project evaluated the state approaches to technology acceptance. A survey of state regulators was performed in conjunction with Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA). Key barriers to acceptance at the state level include a lack of staff, insufficient funding to independently investigate new technologies, and a lack of third party verified performance data. The survey identified shared technology acceptance and data sharing/portal as two topics that many states would like extensive collaboration. WINSSS and ASDWA convened a national committee of state agency personnel. The committee has developed a proposal for working with the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Commission (ITRC) to develop technology acceptance guidelines for micro- and ultrafiltration. The committee is developing a data sharing platform for state agencies. In addition, efforts are on-going to help the New England states to collaborate to develop common guidelines for the approval of UV technologies for small systems.
Project B2: Simplified Data Entry System
A key challenge faced by many small systems is to perform asset management. One barrier to asset management is data entry. Improved asset management, including a better understanding of the current state of the utility’s assets, leads to better long-term strategic and financial planning and minimizes costs associated with replacing assets prematurely or expenses from infrastructure failure. This project seeks to create a user-friendly smart phone app that eases data entry for asset management software, specifically for the Check-Up Program for Small Systems (CUPSS) software. A final version of the user-friendly app will be available for distribution in the late fall of 2017. A workgroup of CUPSS users is developing a white paper relative to potential further improvements to CUPSS, and may include lessons learned from the development of the app.
Project B3: A Distributed Sensing and Monitoring System
Project B3 seeks to make significant improvements in sensing and monitoring systems. A new generation of simple networked sensors offers the potential to reduce monitoring costs, improve regulatory compliance, and generally increase the amount of water quality data available to small water utilities, regulators, and consumers. This project has two thrusts: (1) a network of off-the-shelf electrochemical probes combined with wireless communication technology can be a reliable and cost-effective monitoring device in the distribution system for parameters such as conductivity and ORP, and (2) innovative, paper-based electrochemical sensors has been developed for nitrate, and current work is focusing on linking it to communication devices developed in thrust 1 to allow for remote reporting of data.
Project C1: Hollow Fiber Membrane Air Stripping This project was completed in year 2 and is explained in detail in the 2016 annual report. Project C2: Coupled ED and RO/NF Treatment
The objective of this project is to evaluate the potential of this novel NOM removal system that couples electrodialysis (ED) with nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO). To this end, the specific goals are 1) to find an optimal ion exchange membrane for the ED system to separate salts from NOM-containing water, 2) to determine salt separation characteristics for different feed water properties, 3) to optimize operating conditions for NF or RO (membrane type and feed water flux), and finally 4) to establish the performance of coupled ED-NF or RO systems with NOM-containing feed water. Separation efficiencies for both ED and NF or RO have been found, but the full coupled system has not yet been tested. The presence of NOM does not dramatically affect the ability of electrodialysis to separate inorganic ions. Different membranes show slightly different ion separation rates and NOM separation trends. In the NF experiments, higher flowrate leads to better ion removal and better NOM removal efficiency.
Project C3: Microwave-irradiated inactivation of pathogens
In this study, the MW absorption-potential of carbon nanotubes has been combined with the spectral conversion-ability of lanthanide series metal oxides and the resulting pathogen inactivation potency is demonstrated. A novel nanohybrid (NH) multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) chemically hybridized with erbium (Er3+) oxide has been synthesized. The material has been characterized to confirm hybridization and determine its physicochemical properties with several analytical instruments. Inactivation of a common opportunistic environmental organism, P. aeruginosa, has been demonstrated. The mechanism of inactivation has been enumerated by determining ROS generation and by confirming its role with ROS scavengers. This study is the first to have developed a nano-scale heterostructure effective in harnessing and utilizing MW radiation for ROS production and microbial inactivation. Synergistic abilities of MWNTs’ MW absorption-ability with lanthanide series oxides’ spectral conversion-capacity has allowed successful ROS generation. Effective antimicrobiality with ROS utilizing an exceptionally low energy cost (0.0006 kW∙h) is potentially transformative.
Project D: Biological Management of Nitrogenous Chemicals in Small Systems: Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, and N-Disinfection By-Products
The overarching objective of Project D is to biologically manage the nitrogenous contaminant grouping (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and N-DBP precursors) in small water systems via nitrification and denitrification and to demonstrate that these processes can yield other water quality benefits related to trace organic compound (TrOC) removal. The project is divided into three sub-projects: nitrification, denitrification, and N-DBPs.
Indirect and direct potable reuse of wastewater is a reality, and, as such, drinking water sources will increasingly contain pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and other TrOCs. To protect public health, drinking water treatment should remove traditional chemical, physical, and biological contaminants but also should have some capacity to remove emerging contaminants of concern. Our results indicate that biofiltration provides excellent removal of some pharmaceuticals and personal care products, such that this technology could be used to decrease customer exposure to some TrOCs in small water systems.
Future Activities:
Project A2: Simultaneous Removal of Inorganic Contaminants, DBP Precursors, and Particles in Alum and Ferric Coagulation
Our research outcome indicates that several factors (e.g., type of contaminants, single and multi-ligands condition, matrix composition, and mixing time) affect the formation of amorphous precipitate during coagulation. To demonstrate our findings further, dry-precipitate analysis is needed such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffractometry (XRD), and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Particularly in iron coagulation, a kinetic condition should be considered to examine the delayed aggregation caused by the presence of fluoride. Additionally, as the importance of treating chromium in drinking water is highlighted, chromium (III and VI) will be investigated in future work. Preliminary experiments have been performed at the time of writing. Finally, understanding these interrelationships through precipitate analysis will be used to assess the feasibility of using alum and iron coagulation to remove inorganic constituents in small water treatment systems, considering both practical operating and economical perspectives.
Project B1: A Standardized Approach to Technology Approval
The workgroup, which has national representation, has developed momentum and will likely continue to meet into the foreseeable future. We anticipate the workgroup going well beyond the initial goals for this project, becoming a focal point for the industry in affecting real changes in the way technology is accepted at the state level to the benefit of small systems.
Project B2: Simplified Data Entry System
A final version of the user-friendly app will be available for distribution in Fall 2017. Concurrently, Art Astarita will help to convene a workgroup of CUPSS users to develop the white paper relative to potential further improvements to CUPSS, and may include lessons learned from the development of the app.
Project B3: A Distributed Sensing and Monitoring System
Our next goals for our water quality sensing platform are to:
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Validate the stability and correctness over a long-time scale (weeks) when co-deploying the prototype sensor with a gold standard measurement setup used by the Environmental Engineering department. In particular, we want to ensure that we can detect water quality anomalies and gain better insight into how well probes hold their calibration over time.
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Integrate a flow sensor into our sensor suite. While deployed in a laboratory environment, water pumps can be used to generate flow required for accurate sensor measurements. When eventually deployed in homes, we need to sense when residents run their water and use these times as opportunities to sense the other values. By measuring the flow rate, we can properly interpret probe values.
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Implement a cloud-hosted algorithm, based on the findings in our first goal, that can combine time-series measurements of ORP and pH to determine an approximate count of lead or other heavy metals present in the water supply.
Project C2: Coupled ED and RO/NF Treatment
To further understand the ED process, longer experimental runtimes will be employed to evaluate the potential for fouling by NOM on the selected ion exchange membranes. Also, experiments using feed water with both ions and NOM will be conducted to evaluate the NF270 membrane performance, and the experiments with NF270 will be extended to test other NF and RO membranes to identify an optimal NF/RO membrane for the system. Finally, a coupled ED-NF/RO system will be verified in long-term continuous flow experiments to test whether this system will be viable for small water systems. Future work will also examine the impact of molecular weight of the organic matter to assess the range of potential of this process.
Project C3: Microwave-irradiated inactivation of pathogens
Factors such as costs of the technology as compared to proven existing disinfection processes, treatable volume of water, higher log-removal of P. aeruginosa and a wide range of waterborne pathogens, material lifespan, and optimal operational parameters will be determined. The mode of application of the material to achieve an effective operational and maintenance level and systematic evaluation of nano environmental health and safety issues will also be determined. Once the material design and parameters of irradiation are optimized and this technology is further developed as an affordable and effective point-of-use system, it can potentially be transformative to impact a global population by gaining them access to safe drinking water.
References:
Amini, A., 2017. The Sustainability of Ion Exchange Water Treatment Technology (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved fromThe Sustainability of Ion Exchange Water Treatment Technology Exit
Boyer, T.H., 2017. Alternative Ion Exchange Using Bicarbonate and Potassium Counterions. AWWA 2017 International Symposium on Inorganics, Detroit, Michigan, 21–22 March 2017.
Boyer, T.H., 2017. Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Combined Ion Exchange for Simultaneous Removal of Multiple Drinking Water Contaminants. Presented at AEESP 2017 Research and Education Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 20–22 June 2017.
Cunningham, J., X. Mai, J.G. Goodwill, D.A. Reckhow, and J.E. Tobiason, ACS 253rd Annual Meeting. April 2017. San Francisco,. “A Pilot-Scale Assessment of Ferrate (Fe(VI)) as an Intermediate Oxidant in Drinking Water Treatment Systems.” (Also presented at AWWA PA Section Meeting. June 2017)
Cunningham, J., X. Mai, J.G. Goodwill, D.A. Reckhow, and J.E. Tobiason, WINSSS/DeRISK/ RES’EAU Small Systems Monthly Webinar Series. February 2016. “A Pilot-Scale Assessment of Ferrate (Fe(VI)) as an Intermediate Oxidant in Drinking Water Treatment Systems.”
D’Alessio M., Meyer C., Swanson K., Hunter D., Ray C., Dvorak B. Natural Filtration for Water Supply: Case Studies from Auburn and Nebraska City. AWWA – Nebraska Sect.. November, 2017. Kearny, NE.
Dvorak B., Ray C. Natural Filtration for Water Supply (A4). WINSSS meeting; March 2016. Austin, TX
Dvorak, B.I. (2016) “Moving New Technology into Practice,” Rural Water Association Annual Water Pro Conference, Orlando, FL, September.
Dvorak, B.I. (2016) “National Centers for Innovation in Small Drinking Water Systems: WINSSS Status Report,” US EPA Small Systems Workshop, Cincinnati, OH, August.
Katz, L.E., Lawler, D.F., and Kum, S., Patent Application, “Combined Electrodialysis and Pressure Membrane Systems and Methods for Processing Water Samples,” Filed, August 2017.
Kirisits, M.J., .AWWA Annual Conference and Exhibition, June 2016, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. “What are these microbes doing in my filter?”
Kum, S., Lawler, D.F., and Katz, L.E., Separation Characteristics of Cations and Natural Organic Matter in Electrodialysis, RES’EAU IMPACT Annual General Meeting, Victoria, Canada, May 26-27, 2017.
Kum, S., Lawler, D.F., and Katz, L.E., Separation Characteristics of Ions and Natural Organic Matter in Electrodialysis, US-Korean Conference (UKC) 2017, Washington D.C., August 9-12, 2017.
Ness, A.A. (2017). Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Bicarbonate-Form Anion Exchange for DOC Removal in Small Systems. Master’s Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Ness, A.A., Boyer, T.H. (2017). Pilot-scale evaluation of bicarbonate-form anion exchange for DOC removal in small systems. Journal American Water Works Association, 109(12), in press.
Ringenberg, D. (2017) “State Barriers to Approval of Drinking Water Technologies for Small Systems,” RES’EAU WaterNet Annual Meeting, Victoria, BC, May.
Ringenberg, D., Wilson, S., and Dvorak, B. (2017) “State Barriers to Approval of Drinking Water Technologies for Small Systems,” Journal of the American Water Works Association, 109 (8) E343-E352, August, https://doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2017.109.0096.
Wilson, S. (2015) “Developing a Better Understanding of Drinking Water Technology Approval,” ASDWA Annual Conference, October.
Wilson, S. (2015) “State Survey on Acceptance of New Technology,” EPA Small Systems Workshop, Cincinnati, August.
Wilson, S. (2015) “State Survey to Improve Our Understanding of DW Treatment Technology Approval,” National Centers for Innovation in Small Drinking Water Systems (DeRISK, WINSSS, RES’EAU), December.
Wilson, S. (2016) “Developing A Better Understanding of Drinking Water Technology Approval,” Illinois Section AWWA Annual Conference, March.
Wilson, S. (2016) “Finding common ground for standardized approaches for state regulatory approval of new technologies,” AWWA ACE, Chicago, June.
Wilson, S., (2016) “Analysis of Drinking Water Systems Survey: Developing a Better Understanding of Drinking Water Technology Approval,” US EPA Small Systems Webinar, December.
Yeo, S., Stewart, D. III, Bartolo, M., Herrboldt, J., Gee, I., Lawler, D.F., and Katz, L.E., Ligand effects on amorphous aluminum and iron hydr(oxide) precipitate characteristics in coagulation; WINSSSS webinar, (Nov 17, 2016).
Yeo, S., Stewart, D. III, Bartolo, M., Herrboldt, J., Lawler, D.F., and Katz, L.E., Ligand effects on amorphous iron and aluminum hydr(oxide) precipitate characteristics, 253th ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 2, 2017.
Yeo, S., Stewart, D. III, Yoon, S., Lawler, D.F., and Katz, L.E., Ligand effects on amorphous iron hydr(oxide) precipitate characteristics in coagulation, RES'EAU, Victoria, Canada, May 26, 2017.
Zhang, J., A. E. Tejada-Martinez, H. Lei, Q. Zhang, 2016. Indicators for technological, environmental and economic sustainability of ozone contactors, Water Research, 101, 606-616.
Ziv-El, M. Webinar: Webinar WINSSS Exit, DeRISK Exit, and RES’EAU Exit, March 31, 2017. “Removal of trace organic contaminants as a secondary benefit in standard aerobic versus nitrifying drinking water biofilters.”
Journal Articles: 19 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
Other center views: | All 48 publications | 19 publications in selected types | All 19 journal articles |
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Almassi S, Li Z, Xu W, Pu C, Zeng T, Chaplin B. Simultaneous Adsorption and Electrochemical Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine Using Carbon-Ti4O7 Composite Reactive Electrochemical Membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019;53(2):928-937. |
R835602 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
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Almassi S, Samonte P, Li Z, Xu W, Chaplain B. Mechanistic Investigation of Haloacetic Acid Reduction Using Carbon-Ti4O7 Composite Reactive Electrochemical Membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020;54(3):1982-1991. |
R835602 (Final) |
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Dasi E, Cunningham J, Talla E, Ergas S. Autotrophic denitrification supported by sphalerite and oyster shells:Chemical and microbiome analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023;375(128820). |
R835602 (Final) |
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Devi, P., Thakur, A., Lai, R. Y., Saini, S., Jain, R., Kumar, P. Progress in the Materials for Optical Detection of Arsenic in Water.Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2018; 110: 97-115 |
R835602 (2018) |
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Goodwill JE, Jiang Y, Reckhow DA, Gikonyo J, Tobiason JE. Characterization of particles from ferrate preoxidation. Environmental Science & Technology 2015;49(8):4955-4962. |
R835602 (2016) |
Exit |
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Goodwill JE, Jiang Y, Reckhow DA, Tobiason JE. Laboratory assessment of ferrate for drinking water treatment. Journal: American Water Works Association 2016;108(3):E164-E174. |
R835602 (2015) R835602 (2016) R835172 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
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Goodwill JE, Mai X, Jiang Y, Reckhow DA, Tobiason JE. Oxidation of manganese(II) with ferrate: stoichiometry, kinetics, products and impact of organic carbon. Chemosphere 2016;159:457-464. |
R835602 (2015) R835602 (2016) R835172 (Final) |
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Jiang Y, Goodwill JE, Tobiason JE, Reckhow DA. Effect of different solutes, natural organic matter, and particulate Fe(III) on ferrate(VI) decomposition in aqueous solutions. Environmental Science & Technology 2015;49(5):2841-2848. |
R835602 (2016) R835172 (Final) |
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Jiang Y, Goodwill JE, Tobiason JE, Reckhow DA. Bromide oxidation by ferrate(VI): the formation of active bromine and bromate. Water Research 2016;96:188-197. |
R835602 (2016) R835172 (Final) |
Exit Exit Exit |
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Jiang Y, Goodwill JE, Tobiason JE, Reckhow DA. Impacts of ferrate oxidation on natural organic matter and disinfection byproduct precursors. Water Research 2016;96:114-125. |
R835602 (2016) R835172 (Final) |
Exit Exit Exit |
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Li, F., Yu, Z., Han, X., Lai, R. Y. Electrochemical Aptamer-based Sensors for Food and Water Analysis:A Review Analytica Chimica Acta, 2018. |
R835602 (2018) |
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Lofti HR, Zhad Z, Lai RY. Hexavalent Chromium as an Electrocatalyst in DNA Sensing. Analytical Chemistry 2017;89(24):13342-13348. |
R835602 (2018) |
Exit Exit |
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Lynn W, Heffron J, Mayer B. Electrocoagulation as a Pretreatment for Electroxidation of E. coli. WATER 2019;11(12). |
R835602 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
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Plazas-Tuttle J, Das D, Sabaraya I, Saleh N. Harnessing the power of microwaves for inactivating Pseudomonas aeruginosa with nanohybrids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-NANO 2018;5(1):72-82. |
R835602 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
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Ringenberg, D., Wilson, S., and Dvorak, B. (2017) “State Barriers to Approval of Drinking Water Technologies for Small Systems,” Journal of the American Water Works Association, 109 (8) E343-E352, August, https://doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2017.109.0096. |
R835602 (2017) R835602 (2018) |
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Ryan D, Maher E, Heffron J, Mayer B, McNamara P. Electrocoagulation-electrooxidation for mitigating trace organic compounds in model drinking water sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2021;273. |
R835602 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
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Zhang J, Tejada-Martinez AE, Lei H, Zhang Q. Indicators for technological, environmental and economic sustainability of ozone contactors. Water Research 2016;101:606-616. |
R835602 (2015) R835602 (2016) |
Exit Exit Exit |
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Zhang, J., A. E. Tejada-Martinez, H. Lei, Q. Zhang, 2016. Indicators for technological, environmental and economic sustainability of ozone contactors, Water Research, 101, 606-616. |
R835602 (2017) |
not available |
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Jiang Y, Goodwill JE, Tobiason JE, Reckhow DA. Comparison of the effects of ferrate and ozone pre-oxidation on disinfection byproduct formation potentials. Water Research 2019; 156: 110-124. |
R835602 (2018) |
Exit |
Supplemental Keywords:
small systems, ferrate, NOM, DBPs, nitrification, microwave irradiation, electrodialysis, membranes, sensors, CUPSS, natural filtrationRelevant Websites:
WINSSS Research Programs Exit Exit
Progress and Final Reports:
Original AbstractThe perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Conclusions drawn by the principal investigators have not been reviewed by the Agency.