Grantee Research Project Results
2006 Progress Report: National Environmental Respiratory Center: Health Hazards of Inhaled Gasoline Engine Emissions and Street Dust
EPA Grant Number: CR831455Subproject: this is subproject number R831455 , established and managed by the Center Director under a main grant
(EPA does not fund or establish subprojects; EPA awards and manages the overall grant for this center).
Center: Center for Native American Environmental Health Equity Research
Center Director: Lewis, Johnnye Lynn
Title: National Environmental Respiratory Center: Health Hazards of Inhaled Gasoline Engine Emissions and Street Dust
Investigators: Mauderly, Joe L. , Swenberg, James A. , Belinsky, Steven A. , Barr, E. B. , Seagrave, Jean Clare , McDonald, Jacob D. , Reed, Matthew D. , Barrett, Edward G. , Campen, Matthew J. , Gigliotti, Andrew , Bedrick, Edward , Seilkop, Steven
Current Investigators: Mauderly, Joe L. , Swenberg, James A. , Belinsky, Steven A. , Barr, E. B. , Seagrave, Jean Clare , McDonald, Jacob D. , Reed, Matthew D. , Barrett, Edward G. , Campen, Matthew J. , Divine, Kevin K , Gigliotti, Andrew , Wise, Barry , Bedrick, Edward , Harrod, Kevin , Seilkop, Steven
Institution: Lovelace Biomedical & Environmental Research Institute
Current Institution: Lovelace Biomedical & Environmental Research Institute , University of New Mexico
EPA Project Officer: Chung, Serena
Project Period: September 1, 2003 through August 31, 2008
Project Period Covered by this Report: September 1, 2005 through August 31, 2006
Project Amount: $969,300
RFA: Targeted Research Center (2003) Recipients Lists
Research Category: Targeted Research
Objective:
The objective of the National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC) program is to identify the relative contributions of the many individual air pollutants and pollutant classes, and their predominant sources, to the adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects associated statistically with air pollution. The program takes a “one atmosphere” approach to the air pollution-health relationship, rather than focusing on individual classes of pollutants in a one-pollutant-at-a-time manner. The Program’s core strategy is to develop a new database on the effects of repeated inhalation exposures to different complex pollutant mixtures, followed by multivariate analysis to determine the pollutant species and combinations that co-vary most closely with different health effects. The database is under construction using common source emissions at the pollutant mixtures, including diesel and gasoline engine emissions, wood smoke, coal emissions, and road dust. The exposure atmospheres are designed on the basis of consensus from expert workshops. The study of each atmosphere includes multiple exposure concentrations down to environmentally relevant levels. The physical-chemical nature of the exposures is characterized at the state-of-the-art facility, including hundreds of analytes. Health responses are examined using multiple animal models and exposures ranging from a few days to 6 months and include hundreds of response variables. The study protocol is kept consistent among the atmospheres, so that data from all studies can be combined for analysis of composition-response relationships. The product of the program will be an improved understanding of the physical-chemical components of air pollution, and combinations of components, that drive different health effects, regardless of the source of the pollutants.
Progress Summary:
Exposures to gasoline emissions were completed during the past year, and most results are completed. Several dose-related adverse health outcomes were observed, but all were modest in magnitude. Of particular interest were the differences between effects of filtered (without particulate matter [PM]) and unfiltered emissions. This comparison demonstrated that several effects, including vascular changes in the ApoE mouse model, were caused primarily or solely by the non-PM components. The data from the gasoline study are still being analyzed for publication.
The system for generating the mixture simulating “downwind” exposures to coal emissions was constructed and tested during the year and is ready for the inhalation study, which will begin in October 2006. Electrical “drop tube” furnaces combust pulverized coal, and the effluent is complemented by addition of sulfate and gases to achieve the mixture recommended by a workshop of experts. Pilot generation studies were conducted using Powder River Basin (PRB) western low-sulfur sub-bituminous coal and central Appalachian low-sulfur bituminous coal. Based on these results, PRB coal was selected for the upcoming exposures.
A pilot study of the diversity of composition and potential toxicity of paved road dust was conducted as a prelude to deciding the nature of material to be used for a repeated inhalation study. A large number (55) of samples of paved road dust resuspended from active traffic surfaces in a standardized manner was collected from different regions and multiple sites in each region. Collections were made in freeway, residential, urban arterial, industrial, and rural sites. Regions included Los Angeles, Albuquerque, El Paso, New York, suburban New Jersey, Atlanta, and Birmingham. The samples were reaerosolized and two size fractions were collected: PM2.5 and PM10-2.5. The two size fractions from each sample were analyzed chemically and for biological components (endotoxin and glucans). The toxicity of the samples was screened using two in vitro incubation assays; oxidation of linoleic acid, and proinflammatory cytokines from human blood cells. There was considerable diversity of both composition and toxicity among the samples. The data are currently being evaluated by multivariate analysis to examine composition-toxicity relationships. The results will inform the strategy for collecting a larger volume of dust for the inhalation study.
Future Activities:
Work during the next reporting period will largely focus on conducting the repeated inhalation study of coal emissions, using the standardized NERC study protocol, and analyzing the results. A secondary effort will involve completing and publishing the analysis of the road dust pilot study data.
Journal Articles: 36 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
Other center views: | All 96 publications | 40 publications in selected types | All 36 journal articles |
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Barrett EG, Rudolph K, Bowen LE, Muggenburg BA, Bice DE. Effect of inhaled ultrafine carbon particles on the allergic airway response in ragweed-sensitized dogs. Inhalation Toxicology 2003;15(2):151-165. |
CR831455 (Final) |
Exit |
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Barrett EG, Henson RD, Seilkop SK, McDonald JD, Reed MD. Effects of hardwood smoke exposure on allergic airway inflammation in mice. Inhalation Toxicology 2006;18(1):33-43. |
CR831455 (2006) CR831455 (Final) |
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Burchiel SW, Lauer FT, McDonald JD, Reed MD. Systemic immunotoxicity in AJ mice following 6-month whole body inhalation exposure to diesel exhaust. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2004;196(3):337-345. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Burchiel SW, Lauer FT, Dunaway SL, Zawadzki J, McDonald JD, Reed MD. Hardwood smoke alters murine splenic T cell responses to mitogens following a 6-month whole body inhalation exposure. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2005;202(3):229-236. |
CR831455 (2004) CR831455 (2006) CR831455 (Final) |
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Campen MJ, McDonald JD, Gigliotti AP, Seilkop SK, Reed MD, Benson JM. Cardiovascular effects of inhaled diesel exhaust in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovascular Toxicology 2003;3(4):353-361. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Campen MJ, McDonald JD, Reed MD, Seagrave JC. Fresh gasoline emissions, not paved road dust, alter cardiac repolarization in ApoE-/- mice. Cardiovascular Toxicology 2006;6(3-4):199-209. |
CR831455 (Final) R830839 (2005) R830839 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Mauderly JL, Costa DL, Wyzga RE, Vedal S, Hidy GM, Altshuler SL, Marrack D, Heuss JM, Wolff GT, Pope III CA, Dockery DW. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution:lines that connect (critical review discussion). Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2006;56(10):1368-1380. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Day KC, Reed MD, McDonald JD, Seilkop SK, Barrett EG. Effects of gasoline engine emissions on preexisting allergic airway responses in mice. Inhalation Toxicology 2008;20(13):1145-1155. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Harrod KS, Jaramillo RJ, Rosenberger CL, Wang S-Z, Berger JA, McDonald JD, Reed MD. Increased susceptibility to RSV infection by exposure to inhaled diesel engine emissions. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2003;28(4):451-463. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Harrod KS, Jaramillo RJ, Berger JA, Gigliotti AP, Seilkop SK, Reed MD. Inhaled diesel engine emissions reduce bacterial clearance and exacerbate lung disease to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in vivo . Toxicological Sciences 2005;83(1):155-165. |
CR831455 (2004) CR831455 (Final) |
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Lund AK, Knuckles TL, Akata CO, Shohet R, McDonald JD, Gigliotti A, Seagrave JC, Campen MJ. Gasoline exhaust emissions induce vascular remodeling pathways involved in atherosclerosis. Toxicological Sciences 2007;95(2):485-494. |
CR831455 (Final) R830839 (2005) R830839 (Final) R831860 (2007) R831860 (Final) |
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Lund AK, Lucero J, Lucas S, Madden MC, McDonald JD, Seagrave J-C, Knuckles TL, Campen MJ. Vehicular emissions induce vascular MMP-9 expression and activity associated with endothelin-1–mediated pathways. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2009;29(4):511-517. |
CR831455 (Final) R830839 (2005) R830839 (Final) |
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March TH, Barr EB, Finch GL, Nikula KJ, Seagrave JC. Effects of concurrent ozone exposure on the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in B6C3F1 mice. Inhalation Toxicology 2002;14(12):1187-1213. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Mauderly JL. An evolution of perspectives: summary of the Third Colloquium on Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health, Durham, North Carolina, June 6-8, 1999. Inhalation Toxicology 2000;12(Suppl 1):7-12. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Mauderly JL. Animal models for the effect of age on susceptibility to inhaled particulate matter. Inhalation Toxicology 2000;12(9):863-900. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Mauderly JL. Diesel emissions: is more health research still needed? Toxicological Sciences 2001;62(1):6-9. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Mauderly JL. Health effects of air pollution: the struggle for context. Environmental Progress 2003;22(3):2-4. |
CR831455 (2004) CR831455 (2006) CR831455 (Final) |
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Mauderly JL. Health hazards of complex environmental exposures: a difficult challenge to inhalation toxicology. Inhalation Toxicology 2006;18(2):137-141. |
CR831455 (2006) CR831455 (Final) |
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Mauderly JL, Chow JC. Health effects of organic aerosols. Inhalation Toxicology 2008;20(3):257-288. |
CR831455 (Final) R831086 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
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Mauderly JL, Samet JM. Is there evidence for synergy among air pollutants in causing health effects? Environmental Health Perspectives 2009;117(1):1-6. |
CR831455 (Final) R832417 (Final) |
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McDonald JD, Barr EB, White RK, Chow JC, Schauer JJ, Zielinska B, Grosjean E. Generation and characterization of four dilutions of diesel engine exhaust for a subchronic inhalation study. Environmental Science & Technology 2004;38(9):2513-2522. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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McDonald JD, White RK, Barr EB, Zielinska B, Chow JC, Grosjean E. Generation and characterization of hardwood smoke inhalation exposure atmospheres. Aerosol Science & Technology 2006;40(8):573-584. |
CR831455 (2006) CR831455 (Final) |
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McDonald JD, Barr EB, White RK, Kracko D, Chow JC, Zielinska B, Grosjean E. Generation and characterization of gasoline engine exhaust inhalation exposure atmospheres. Inhalation Toxicology 2008;20(13):1157-1168. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Muggenburg BA, Benson JM, Barr EB, Kubatko J, Tilley LP. Short-term inhalation of particulate transition metals has little effect on the electrocardiograms of dogs having preexisting cardiac abnormalities. Inhalation Toxicology 2003;15(4):357-371. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Redman TK, Rudolph K, Barr EB, Bowen LE, Muggenburg BA, Bice DE. Pulmonary immunity to ragweed in a Beagle dog model of allergic asthma. Experimental Lung Research 2001;27(5):433-451. |
CR831455 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
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Reed MD, Gigliotti AP, McDonald JD, Seagrave JC, Seilkop SK, Mauderly JL. Health effects of subchronic exposure to environmental levels of diesel exhaust. Inhalation Toxicology 2004;16(4):177-193. |
CR831455 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
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Reed MD, Campen MJ, Gigliotti AP, Harrod KS, McDonald JD, Seagrave JC, Mauderly JL, Seilkop SK. Health effects of subchronic exposure to environmental levels of hardwood smoke. Inhalation Toxicology 2006;18(8):523-539. |
CR831455 (2006) CR831455 (Final) |
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Reed MD, Barrett EG, Campen MJ, Divine KK, Gigliotti AP, McDonald JD, Seagrave JC, Mauderly JL, Seilkop SK, Swenberg JA. Health effects of subchronic inhalation exposure to gasoline engine exhaust. Inhalation Toxicology 2008;20(13):1125-1143. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Rowan III WH, Campen MJ, Wichers LB, Watkinson WP. Heart rate variability in rodents: uses and caveats in toxicological studies. Cardiovascular Toxicology 2007;7(1):28-51. |
CR831455 (Final) R830839 (2005) R830839 (Final) |
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Seagrave J, McDonald JD, Mauderly JL. In vitro versus in vivo exposure to combustion emissions. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 2005;57(Suppl 1):233-238. |
CR831455 (2006) CR831455 (Final) |
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Seagrave J, McDonald JD, Reed MD, Seilkop SK, Mauderly JL. Responses to subchronic inhalation of low concentrations of diesel exhaust and hardwood smoke measured in rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Inhalation Toxicology 2005;17(12):657-670. |
CR831455 (2004) CR831455 (2006) CR831455 (Final) |
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Seagrave J, Dunaway S, McDonald JD, Mauderly JL, Hayden P, Stidley C. Responses of differentiated primary human lung epithelial cells to exposure to diesel exhaust at an air-liquid interface. Experimental Lung Research 2007;33(1):27-51. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Seagrave J, Campen MJ, McDonald JD, Mauderly JL, Rohr AC. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and pulmonary function assessment in rats exposed to laboratory-generated pollutant mixtures. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 2008;71(20):1352-1362. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Seagrave J, Barr EB, March TH, Nikula KJ. Effects of cigarette smoke exposure and cessation on inflammatory cells and matrix metalloproteinase activity in mice. Experimental Lung Research 2004;30(1):1-15. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Tesfaigzi Y, Singh SP, Foster JE, Kubatko J, Barr EB, Fine PM, McDonald JD, Hahn FF, Mauderly JL. Health effects of subchronic exposure to low levels of wood smoke in rats. Toxicological Sciences 2002;65(1):115-125. |
CR831455 (Final) |
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Tesfaigzi Y, McDonald JD, Reed MD, Singh SP, De Sanctis GT, Eynott PR, Hahn FF, Campen MJ, Mauderly JL. Low-level subchronic exposure to wood smoke exacerbates inflammatory responses in allergic rats. Toxicological Sciences 2005;88(2):505-513. |
CR831455 (2006) CR831455 (Final) |
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Supplemental Keywords:
air pollution, hazard assessment, lung, heart,, RFA, Health, Scientific Discipline, Air, particulate matter, Environmental Chemistry, Health Risk Assessment, Epidemiology, Risk Assessments, Biology, copollutant exposures, fine particles, acute lung injury, airway epithelial cells, cardiopulmonary responses, epidemelogy, exposure, susceptible subpopulations, street dust, air pollution, endothelial function, diesel exhaust, chronic health effects, lung inflammation, oxidant gas, particulate exposure, human exposure, inhaled, Acute health effects, concentrated particulate matter, road dust, airborne urban contaminantsRelevant Websites:
Progress and Final Reports:
Original AbstractThe perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Conclusions drawn by the principal investigators have not been reviewed by the Agency.