Grantee Research Project Results
Final Report: Texas Tech University Center for Water Law and Policy
EPA Grant Number: EM833085Title: Texas Tech University Center for Water Law and Policy
Investigators: Eckstein, Gabriel , Anderson, Todd A. , Jeffery, William , Morse, Audra N.
Institution: Towson University
EPA Project Officer: Page, Angela
Project Period: June 1, 2007 through May 31, 2010 (Extended to May 31, 2011)
Project Amount: $432,300
RFA: Targeted Research Grant (2007) Recipients Lists
Research Category: Targeted Research
Objective:
The Texas Tech Center for Water Law and Policy has completed all three project components of this study. This document comprises the final Annual Performance Report. The report is structured in relation to the three project work plans and pertains primarily to the phases performed within each project during this final year of the study.
Summary/Accomplishments (Outputs/Outcomes):
Project I: Water Law and Policy Clearinghouse
Results Project I:
Phase I: Collection and Categorization of Researched Information
During the past year, the Center for Water Law & Policy collected, categorized, and data-entered more than 1,800 additional documents and materials for inclusion in the Clearinghouse. This is on top of the approximately 1,200 individual documents and materials processed in the prior project years. In addition, during the past year, the Center re-reviewed every entry contained in the Clearinghouse to ensure the suitability of the documents for the Clearinghouse, eliminate duplications, appraise copyright obligations, and ensure proper categorization.
The documents and material contained in the Clearinghouse cover a broad array of information related to pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and other micropollutants in a variety of formats, including: federal, state and intergovernmental reports; peer reviewed and other professional articles; books and monographs; conference materials; online and print news stories; websites; and others.
In addition, the Center has collected and data-entered abstracts for every document contained in the database. For documents that did not have their own abstracts, the Center prepared abstracts (more than 500).
Where available, the Center also obtained the Document Object Identifier (DOI) numbers for every article and document with such an identifier and included it in the database. The DOI System is used to categorize content objects in the digital environment (e.g., the Internet) and to ensure that documents can be found regardless of where they may be moved to on the Internet. Hence, links in the Clearinghouse to online documents and material that have a DOI should never terminate as the DOI will always locate the document.
Phase II: Website Creation and Accessibility of the Collection
The Micropollutants Clearinghouse (http://www.micropollutants.org/) is a publically accessible resource website that allows visitors to easily and quickly search the database and its contents. Through a variety of user-friendly options, functions, and search engines, users can cull through the thousands of documents and find those that are most relevant to their inquiry. Where the copyright allows, users are given direct access to the actual document. A more complete description of the Clearinghouse and its structure can be found in 2009-2010 Annual Report.
The Clearinghouse was publically launched on May 13, 2010. However, over the past project year, the Center ran numerous tests on the Clearinghouse to ensure the functionality of the website and its database. Tests were also run to ensure that its three search engines were functioning properly and producing the requested results. The Center has employed three search engines on the Clearinghouse website to make the site more user-friendly to visitors with different objectives, capabilities, and search preferences. The three search engines are:
- A "basic" Google search engine
- An "advanced" Google search engine
- An "advanced" internal search engine
The website also was designed to provide each type of user with an easy understanding and access to their preferred search engine.
In addition, the final report of project III was released in June 2, 2011. At that time, it was incorporated into the website under the "Study Report" tab.
Phase III: Publication of the Clearinghouse
The Micropollutants Clearinghouse was publically launched on May 13, 2010. At that time and throughout the summer of 2010, Center staff and the Texas Tech University Office of Communications and Marketing distributed news releases via major news outlets in the U.S., email, listservs, and online postings. In June 2011, upon the release of the Project III report, news releases were again distributed in the same manner. The chief targets of the media effort were researchers and academics working on related projects, relevant agency staff at state and federal levels, and the general public.
Project II: Research on Presence and Fate of Mixtures of Micropollutants in the Natural Environment
The report documenting the accomplishments and changes to the project will be addressed regarding each phase of the project.
Conclusions:
Phase I: Evaluate the presence of target micropollutants present in groundwater recharged through wastewater reclamation at a Lubbock Land Application Site
Phase 1a: Sample collection at the Lubbock Wastewater Reclamation Plant
Samples were collected quarterly from the Lubbock Wastewater Reclamation Plant (March, June, September, and December) and analyzed for estrogens (17[?]-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3), and 17[?]-ethinylestradiol), triclosan, ibuprofen, and ciprofloxacin. Table 1a.1 contains the wastewater micropollutant data whereas Table 1a.2 contains the sludge micropollutant data. The project originally called for 1.5 years of sampling; however, we have exceeded the quarterly sampling and obtained four additional samples.
Phase 1b: Sample collection at the Lubbock Land Application Site
Samples were collected quarterly from the Lubbock Land Application Site (March, June, September, and December) and analyzed for estrogens (17[?]-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3), and 17[?]-ethinylestradiol), triclosan and ibuprofen. Table 1b.1 contains the groundwater micropollutant data.
Phase II: Ascertain the quantity of micropollutants present in the soil at the wastewater application site
Soil sample collection was conducted in conjunction with the groundwater collection. Table 2.1 contains the soil samples collected for micropollutant analysis.
Table 1a.1 Micropollutant Concentrations at the WWTP Liquid Streams
Compound | Sampling Date | Sampling poing / Concentration (μg/L) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bar rack | Aeration Basin | Bionutrient ractor | Effluent | Feed sludge | Anerobic | Return sludge | Waste sludge | After C12 contact | |||||||
#1 | #2 | Plant 3 | Plant 4 | Plant 3 | Plant 4 | #1 | #2 | #1 | #2 | ||||||
E1 | 12/16/08 | 3.25 | 3.42 | 3.18 | 3.67 | * | 1.82 | 1.43 | 39.87 | 41.67 | 28.17 | 29.83 | * | * | * |
3/11/09 | 1.47 | 2.18 | 0.74 | 1.63 | * | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.42 | ND | 2.60 | * | * | * | 0.42 | |
6/3/09 | ND | 3.45 | 0.22 | 2.82 | * | 0.48 | 0.33 | 3.22 | ND | 50.14 | 60.29 | * | * | 1.54 | |
9/9/09 | 2.96 | 4.72 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | 14.12 | * | 11.20 | 8.49 | * | ND | ND | |
12/2/09 | 2.96 | 4.72 | 0.67 | 0.62 | * | 0.59 | ND | 74.78 | * | 42.27 | 44.56 | ND | * | 0.70 | |
3/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | * | ND | |
6/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | 31.15 | 22.90 | * | * | ND | |
9/8/10 | 0.94 | * | 0.33 | * | ND | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.49 | * | 0.95 | ND | ND | * | * | |
12/8/10 | 2.79 | * | 0.20 | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
4/11/11 | ND | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
E2 | 12/6/08 | 4.62 | 4.65 | 1.30 | 1.38 | * | 1.37 | ND | 1.54 | 1.70 | 0.48 | 0.52 | * | * | * |
3/11/09 | 2.29 | 5.31 | ND | 1.12 | * | ND | 0.50 | 2.84 | 2.18 | 3.47 | * | * | * | 0.36 | |
6/3/09 | 0.90 | 1.05 | 1.66 | 1.58 | * | 0.75 | 0.26 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * | 0.80 | |
9/9/09 | 1.58 | 1.39 | 0.73 | 0.50 | * | 0.67 | ND | 18.33 | * | 9.44 | 16.52 | * | ND | ND | |
12/2/09 | 5.37 | 4.20 | 0.46 | 1.10 | * | 0.13 | 0.40 | ND | * | ND | 12.79 | ND | * | 0.54 | |
3/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/3/10 | 1.70 | ND | ND | 0.74 | ND | 0.61 | 0.39 | 1.98 | * | 2.68 | 3.97 | * | * | ND | |
9/8/10 | 0.90 | * | 4.50 | * | 1.46 | 0.96 | 1.28 | 0.70 | * | 1.71 | 1.55 | 1.38 | * | * | |
12/8/10 | 4.31 | * | 0.49 | * | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 1.15 | * | 0.31 | 2.00 | * | * | * | |
4/11/11 | ND | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
E3 | 12/16/08 | 0.68 | 0.91 | 7.45 | 13.97 | * | 7.60 | 0.25 | 3.55 | 3.78 | 3.49 | 4.40 | * | * | * |
3/11/09 | 110.71 | 57.24 | 126.53 | 29.19 | * | 59.23 | 83.43 | 46.50 | 110.83 | 16.38 | * | * | * | 86.71 | |
6/3/09 | ND | ND | 37.51 | 7.29 | * | 2.76 | 13.08 | 2.76 | 2.84 | 0.61 | 0.67 | * | * | 7.66 | |
9/9/09 | 25.71 | 26.52 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | |
12/2/09 | 65.85 | 54.25 | ND | 1.32 | * | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | |
3/3/10 | ND | * | ND | 0.24 | ND | ND | 0.18 | ND | * | ND | ND | 0.18 | * | ND | |
6/3/10 | 49.96 | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.01 | * | 1.91 | 0.89 | * | * | ND | |
9/8/10 | 57.26 | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | |
12/8/10 | ND | * | ND | * | 0.32 | ND | ND | 0.21 | * | ND | ND | * | * | * | |
4/11/11 | ND | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
EE2 | 12/16/08 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | 0.39 | 0.08 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * |
3/11/09 | 7.89 | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | 0.16 | |
6/3/09 | ND | ND | ND | 0.12 | * | ND | 0.26 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * | 0.81 | |
9/9/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | |
12/2/09 | 2.08 | ND | ND | ND | * | 3.31 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | |
3/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.95 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | |
6/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | 6.16 | 4.29 | * | * | ND | |
9/8/10 | 4.47 | * | 0.47 | * | 1.51 | 1.57 | 1.55 | 0.77 | * | 1.52 | 1.09 | 1.09 | * | * | |
12/8/10 | 14.99 | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | 2.15 | * | ND | 6.56 | * | * | * | |
4/11/11 | ND | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Table 1a.1. Micropollutant Concentrations at the WWTP Liquid Streams (cont't)
Compound | Sampling Date | Sampling poing / Concentration (μg/L) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bar rack | Aeration Basin | Bionutrient reactor | Effluent | Feed sludge | Anerobic | Return sludge | Waste sludge | After C12 contact | |||||||
#1 | #2 | Plant 3 | Plant 4 | Plant 3 | Plant 4 | #1 | #2 | #1 | #2 | ||||||
Triclosan | 12/16/08 | 5.10 | 4.48 | 0.12 | ND | * | 0.13 | 0.26 | 6.98 | 6.44 | 12.11 | 16.08 | * | * | * |
3/11/09 | 8.12 | 7365 | ND | 0.77 | * | ND | ND | 2.84 | 4.08 | 3.73 | * | * | * | ND | |
6/3/09 | 1.90 | 2.60 | 0.44 | ND | * | 0.17 | 0.15 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 3.47 | 3.17 | * | 0.147 | 0.14 | |
9/9/09 | 0.70 | 0.62 | ND | ND | * | 0.35 | 0.13 | 11.59 | * | 4.13 | 4.95 | * | 1.07 | 1.41 | |
12/2/09 | 5.39 | 5.38 | ND | 0.30 | * | ND | 0.34 | 6.07 | * | 7.57 | 6.20 | 0.51 | * | 0.56 | |
3/3/10 | 3.08 | * | 0.80 | 0.59 | ND | 0.55 | 10.66 | 1.96 | * | 2.28 | 2.72 | 0.38 | * | ND | |
6/3/10 | 6.11 | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.71 | * | ND | ND | * | * | ND | |
9/8/10 | 4.97 | * | 0.17 | * | ND | ND | 2.58 | 1.04 | * | 1.52 | 1.55 | 1.30 | * | * | |
12/8/10 | 1.62 | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | 1.80 | * | 1.32 | 1.93 | * | * | * | |
4/11/11 | 1.47 | * | 1.31 | * | 1.31 | 1.37 | 1.52 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Caffine | 12/6/08 | 23.60 | 18.11 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | 0.53 | 0.36 | ND | ND | * | * | * |
3/11/09 | 41.04 | 40.42 | 0.35 | ND | * | 0.34 | 0.17 | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | 0.12 | |
6/3/09 | 45.48 | 75.12 | 5.35 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * | ND | |
9/9/09 | 53.43 | 55.05 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | 24.85 | * | ND | ND | * | ND | 1.69 | |
12/2/09 | 64.54 | 58.66 | ND | ND | * | 2.57 | ND | ND | * | 1.12 | ND | ND | * | ND | |
3/3/10 | 79.084 | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | |
6/3/10 | 82.311 | * | ND | 0.127 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | * | * | ND | |
9/8/10 | 41.844 | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | |
12/8/10 | 91.293 | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | 1.394 | * | ND | 4.149 | * | * | * | |
4/11/11 | 50.2 | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Ibupropfen | 12/16/08 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * |
3/11/09 | 141.44 | 182.93 | 3.47 | ND | * | ND | 4.06 | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | 3.82 | |
6/3/09 | ND | ND | 2.10 | 0.71 | * | ND | ND | 3.91 | ND | 3.10 | 3.71 | * | * | ND | |
9/9/09 | 41.63 | 32.93 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | 27.65 | * | ND | 8.10 | * | ND | ND | |
12/2/09 | 29.99 | 23.12 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | 25.15 | 8.93 | ND | * | ND | |
3/3/10 | 6.02 | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 15.61 | * | 13.37 | 14.02 | ND | * | ND | |
6/3/10 | 6.02 | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | * | * | ND | |
9/8/10 | 19.77 | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | 11.00 | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | |
12/8/10 | |||||||||||||||
4/11/11 | 13.00 | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Ciproflaxacin | 12/16/08 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | 0.39 | 0.08 | ND | 0.29 | 4.46 | 0.49 | * | * | * |
3/11/09 | ND | ND | 0.12 | 0.06 | * | ND | 0.27 | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | 0.41 | |
6/3/09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.27 | ND | * | 0.14 | ND | ND | ND | 0.06 | ND | * | * | ND | |
9/9/09 | ND | ND | 0.84 | ND | * | 0.30 | ND | ND | * | ND | 0.10 | * | 8.07 | ND | |
12/2/09 | ND | ND | 0.84 | ND | * | 0.30 | ND | ND | * | ND | 0.10 | * | 8.07 | ND | |
3/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | 0.14 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | |
6/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | 7.49 | 12.03 | * | * | ND | |
9/8/10 | ND | * | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | * | |
12/8/10 | |||||||||||||||
4/11/11 |
Figure 1a.2. Micropollutant Concentrations at the WWTP Sluge Streams
Compound | Sampling Date | Sampling point / concentration (μg/g) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed Sludge | Anerobic Digestor | Return Sludge | Waste Sludge | ||||
#1 | #2 | #1 | #2 | ||||
E1 | 12/16/08 | 3.27 | 4.24 | 1.60 | 2.20 | * | * |
3/11/09 | 2.40 | 2.49 | 2.52 | * | * | * | |
6/3/09 | 0.70 | ND | ND | 0.75 | * | * | |
9/9/09 | 6.59 | * | 1.16 | 1.74 | * | ND | |
12/2/09 | 15.13 | * | 9.59 | 8.43 | ND | * | |
3/3/10 | 5.96 | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
6/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | * | * | |
9/8/10 | 0.08 | * | 0.21 | 0.31 | ND | * | |
12/8/10 | ND | * | 2.43 | ND | * | * | |
4/11/11 | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
E2 | 12/16/08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.04 | ND | * | * |
3/11/09 | 2.23 | 1.54 | 1.50 | * | * | * | |
6/3/09 | 0.13 | ND | 0.22 | 0.27 | * | * | |
9/9/09 | ND | * | 0.12 | ND | * | ND | |
12/2/09 | 0.86 | * | 0.64 | 0.42 | ND | * | |
3/3/10 | 0.09 | * | 0.13 | ND | ND | * | |
6/3/10 | 0.77 | * | 0.50 | 1.61 | * | * | |
9/8/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
12/8/10 | 1.64 | * | 3.25 | ND | * | * | |
4/11/11 | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
E3 | 12/16/08 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * |
3/11/09 | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | |
6/3/09 | 0.01 | ND | 0.01 | 0.01 | * | * | |
9/9/09 | ND | * | 0.01 | ND | * | ND | |
12/2/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
3/3/10 | 0.02 | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
6/3/10 | 1.52 | * | 2.26 | 2.26 | * | * | |
9/8/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
12/8/10 | ND | * | 0.01 | ND | * | * | |
4/11/11 | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
EE2 | 12/16/08 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.81 | * | * |
3/11/09 | ND | ND | ND | * | * | * | |
6/3/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * | |
9/9/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | * | ND | |
12/2/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
3/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | 0.07 | * | |
6/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | * | * | |
9/8/10 | ND | * | ND | 0.06 | ND | * | |
12/8/10 | ND | * | 0.36 | ND | * | * | |
4/11/11 | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Triclosan | 12/16/08 | 7.79 | 19.92 | 3.35 | 5.62 | * | * |
3/11/09 | 3.52 | 2.88 | 3.39 | * | * | * | |
6/3/09 | 4.70 | 4.68 | 5.67 | 7.25 | * | * | |
9/9/09 | 18.62 | * | 2.48 | 6.33 | * | 10.18 | |
12/2/09 | 9.25 | * | 5.79 | 10.29 | 22.52 | * | |
3/3/10 | 2.69 | * | 2.33 | 0.31 | 10.85 | * | |
6/3/10 | 0.35 | * | ND | ND | * | * | |
9/8/10 | 1.58 | * | 4.37 | 5.82 | 3.59 | * | |
12/8/10 | 1.36 | * | 2.73 | 3.53 | * | * | |
4/11/11 | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Table 1a.2 Micropolltant Concentrations at the WWTP Sludge Stre3ams (con't)
Compound | Sampling Date | Sampling point / concentration (μg/g) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed Sludge | Anerobic Digestor | Return Sludge | Waste Sludge | ||||
#1 | #2 | #1 | #2 | ||||
Caffine | 12/16/08 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * |
3/11/09 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | * | * | * | |
6/3/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * | |
9/9/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | * | ND | |
12/2/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
3/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
6/3/10 | 0.01 | * | 0.09 | 0.08 | * | * | |
9/8/10 | 0.01 | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
12/8/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | * | * | |
4/11/11 | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Ibuprofen | 12/16/08 | ND | ND | 3.61 | ND | * | * |
3/11/09 | ND | ND | 4.10 | * | * | * | |
6/3/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * | |
9/9/09 | ND | * | 1.57 | ND | * | ND | |
12/2/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
3/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
6/3/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | * | * | |
9/8/10 | ND | * | 2.87 | 5.29 | 0.73 | * | |
12/8/10 | |||||||
4/11/11 | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Ciprofloxacin | 12/16/08 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * |
3/11/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | * | * | |
6/3/09 | 4.37 x 10-3 | 7.25 x 10-3 | 4.29 x 10-3 | ND | * | * | |
9/9/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | * | * | |
12/2/09 | ND | * | 0.16 | 0.17 | ND | * | |
3/3/10 | 1.52 | * | ND | ND | 7.65 | * | |
6/3/10 | 0.44 | * | 0.52 | 0.39 | * | * | |
9/8/10 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | * | |
12/8/10 | |||||||
4/11/11 | * | * | * | * | * | * |
* no sampling
ND = Not detectable
RL (sludge) = 6.67 ng/g or 0.0067 µg/g dry weight (for estrogens, triclosan, caffine)
= 5.56 ng/g dry weight (for ciprofloaxccin)
= 34.72 ng/g dry weight (for ibuprofen)
DL (sludge)
Estrogen = 6.42 ng/g dry weight
Triclosan = 5.87 ng/g dry weight
Caffine = 6.39 ng/g dry weight
Ibuprofen = 2.56 ng/g dry weight
Ciprofloaxacin = 4.12 ng/g dry weight
Table 1b. Micropollutant Analysis Results of Groundwater
Compound | Sampling Date | Sampling point / concentration (μg/g) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reservoir | CL-11 | CL29 | CL43 | CL48 | ||
E1 | 3/9/09 | * | * | 79.15 | 75.15 | 61.74 |
6/30/09 | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/16/19 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | 208.70 | * | 30.36 | 47.31 | 20.07 | |
3/18/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 115.53 | |
6/9/10 | 136.29 | 39.02 | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | 90.03 | 21.08 | 71.35 | 75.57 | 50.71 | |
12/9/10 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
E2 | 3/9/09 | * | * | 12.16 | 146.54 | 34.30 |
6/30/09 | * | 39.40 | ND | ND | 77.51 | |
9/19/09 | 126.50 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | 110.60 | * | 33.50 | 38.61 | 23.32 | |
3/18/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | 157.37 | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | 941.20 | 738.36 | 848.95 | 230.73 | 302.12 | |
12/9/10 | ND | 485.95 | * | 939.99 | ND | |
4/13/11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
E3 | 3/9/9 | * | * | 1744.62 | 847.16 | 538.32 |
6/30/09 | * | 685.68 | 321.83 | 1660.75 | 675.96 | |
9/16/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | |
3/18/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | 78.13 | 940.70 | 62.98 | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | ND | 175.70 | * | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
EE2 | 3/9/09 | * | * | ND | 230.32 | 101.66 |
6/30/09 | * | 14.51 | ND | ND | ND | |
9/16/09 | 110.73 | ND | ND | ND | 10.87 | |
12/9/09 | 66.66 | * | ND | ND | ND | |
3/18/10 | 175.73 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | 9.24 | 9.95 | 6.65 | |
9/15/10 | 35.34 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Triclosan | 3/9/09 | * | * | 16.69 | 15.74 | 11.57 |
6/30/09 | * | ND | 44.73 | 53.27 | ND | |
9/19/09 | 40.91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | 21.36 | |
3/18/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | 31.87 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | ND | ND | * | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Table 1b. Micropollutant Analysis Results fo Groundwater (cont)
Compound | Sampling Data | Sampling point / concentration (μg/g) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reservoir | CL-11 | CL29 | CL43 | CL48 | ||
Caffine | 3/9/09 | * | * | 118.57 | 166.17 | 163.52 |
6/30/09 | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/16/19 | 143.55 | 16.03 | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | |
3/18/10 | 1454.18 | ND | 382.46 | ND | 457.57 | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | 470.26 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | 485.97 | ND | * | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Ibuprofen | 3/9/09 | * | * | ND | ND | ND |
6/30/09 | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/16/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | |
3/18/10 | 37.40 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | ||||||
4/13/11 | 0.59 | ND | 2.46 | ND | 1.49 | |
Ciprofoxacin | 3/9/9 | * | * | ND | 45.29 | ND |
6/30/09 | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/16/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | |
3/18/10 | 37.40 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | ||||||
4/13/11 | 0.59 | ND | 2.46 | ND | 1.49 | |
* no sample | DL | |||||
ND = no signal RL = 20 ng/L for estrogens, caffine, triclosan = 25ng/L for ibuprofen, ciprofloxacin | E1 = 8 ng/L E2 = 3ng/L e3 = 18 ng/L EE2 = 5 ng/L bE17A = 17 ng/L | Caffine = 10 ng/L |
Table 2.1. Micropollutant Analysis of Soils
Compound | Sampling Date | CL-11 | CL29 | CL43 | CL-48 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0-6" | 12-18" | 24-30" | 0-6" | 12-18" | 24-30" | 0-6" | 12-18" | 24-30" | 0-6" | 12-18" | 24-30" | ||
E1 | 3/9/09 | * | * | * | 7.55 | 10.04 | 8.52 | 7.82 | 34.52 | 20.61 | 5.30 | 8.68 | 6.73 |
6/30/09 | 9.62 | 3.45 | ND | 9.53 | 7.33 | 4.96 | 3.28 | 9.59 | 20.83 | 4.60 | 7.63 | 6.71 | |
9/16/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 44.06 | 135.82 | ND | ND | ND | 2.03 | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | 6.32 | 1.82 | ND | ND | ND | 2.52 | ND | 3.69 | 11.84 | 5.86 | 8.82 | 14.39 | |
3/18/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.26 | ND | 5.29 | 4.73 | ND | |
6/9/10 | 2.36 | 4.73 | ND | 2.65 | ND | 1.38 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | ND | 1.93 | 6.79 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | |||||||||||||
E2 | 3/9/09 | * | * | * | ND | ND | 1.20 | 0.19 | ND | 3.33 | 0.17 | 0.58 | 0.65 |
6/30/09 | 2.09 | 2.41 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.71 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/16/09 | 2.84 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | ND | ND | ND | 2.44 | 0.19 | 5.39 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
3/18/10 | 42.35 | ND | 4.06 | 16.75 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | 2.45 | 4.04 | 138.88 | 2.74 | 13.66 | 56.75 | 2.89 | 7.20 | 8.50 | ND | 8.09 | |
12/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | |||||||||||||
E3 | 3/9/09 | * | * | * | 4.07 | ND | ND | 7.73 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
6/30/09 | ND | 1.01 | ND | 2.22 | 1.18 | ND | 1.63 | 3.14 | 1.20 | 2.98 | 1.00 | 1.08 | |
9/16/09 | ND | ND | 0.53 | 0.46 | 3.60 | 5.98 | 2.10 | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.98 | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | 14.55 | 12.68 | ND | ND | 11.82 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
3/18/10 | 3.32 | 0.96 | 1.89 | 1.71 | ND | 14.73 | ND | 1.15 | ND | 1.31 | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | ND | 3.32 | 5.93 | 1.48 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.78 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | |||||||||||||
EE2 | 3/9/09 | * | * | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
6/30/09 | 1.21 | 1.26 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/16/09 | ND | 2.62 | ND | 2.03 | 2.70 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | ND | ND | ND | 8.92 | 7.32 | ND | 11.34 | 9.25 | 6.63 | 10.70 | 7.56 | 6.67 | |
3/18/10 | ND | 2.18 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | 3.39 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | |||||||||||||
Triclosan | 3/9/09 | * | * | * | 5.24 | 3.20 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
6/30/09 | ND | 2.91 | ND | 8.16 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 1.94 | 1.33 | 7.81 | ND | ND | ND | |
9/16/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 19.15 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | ND | ND | ND | 4.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
3/18/10 | ND | ND | 4.60 | ND | 19.54 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 17.07 | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | |||||||||||||
Table 2.1. Micropollutant Analysis of Soils (con't)
Compound | Sampling Date | CL-11 | CL29 | CL43 | CL-48 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0-6" | 12-18" | 24-30" | 0-6" | 12-18" | 24-30" | 0-6" | 12-18" | 24-30" | 0-6" | 12-18" | 24-30" | ||
Caffine | 3/9/09 | * | * | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
6/30/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/16/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
3/18/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
4/13/11 | |||||||||||||
Ibuprofen | 3/9/09 | * | * | * | 36.11 | 36.60 | 108.28 | 24.16 | 26.68 | 44.68 | 18.20 | 33.82 | 69.93 |
6/30/09 | 26.78 | ND | 94.07 | ND | ND | ND | 1.71 | 17.51 | ND | ND | 9.63 | 33.66 | |
9/16/09 | 95.19 | 75.93 | 111.52 | 314.76 | 318.52 | 280.26 | 76.99 | 102.55 | 100.60 | 37.24 | 134.35 | 215.49 | |
12/9/09 | 34.80 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 16.92 | ND | ND | 26.27 | 39.63 | 41.51 | 31.71 | |
3/18/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 | |||||||||||||
4/13/11 | |||||||||||||
Ciprofloxacin | 3/9/09 | * | * | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
6/30/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/16/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
3/18/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
6/9/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
9/15/10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
12/9/10 |
| ||||||||||||
4/13/11 | |||||||||||||
ND = no signal
RL = 1 ng/g dry weight (for estrogens, triciosan, caffine)
= 1.25 ng/g dry weight (for ciprofloxacin)
= 5 ng/g dry weight (for ibuprofen)
DL (soil)
Estrogen = 0.96 ng/g dry weight (estriol = 0.4 ng/g dry weight)
Triclosan = 1.04 ng/g dry weight
Caffine = 0.3 ng/g day weight
Ibuprofen = 3.72 ng/g dry weight
Ciprofloxacin = 0.37 ng/g dry weight
Phase III: Estimate the role of biotransformation and sorption of micropollutants to soil on the fate of micropollutants at the study site by conducting bottle studies
Biological degradation rates of six pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were examined in soil from a land application site, and in adjacent soil with no prior history of effluent exposure. Microbial degradation rates were compared over two weeks under standing water or saturated conditions and draining conditions after having been saturated for 3 d (Table 3.1). Biological degradation of 17β-estradiol exhibited rapid rates of biological degradation under both saturated and draining conditions. In all cases, soils that were draining from saturated conditions exhibited faster degradation rates than soils that remained saturated. Prior exposure of the soil to effluent did not always result in higher biological degradation rates for the micropollutants tested.
Table 3.1. Calculated laof-lives (days) of selected PPCPs in soil under saturated and draining conditions.
Treatment | Calculated Half Life | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estrone | 17β-estradiol | Estrial | 17α-Ethinylestradiol | Triclosan | Ibuprofen | |
Saturated / Draining Exposed | 33.4 (0.85) [105,-1.64] | 4.0 (0.88) [93.3,-0.15] | 8.7 (0.96) [93.2,-4.95] | 29.1 (0.96) [101,-1.76] | 88.0 (0.54) [101,-0.58] | 34.3 (0.67) [102,-1.50] |
Saturated / Draining Unexposed | 27.5 (0.99) [100,-1.83] | 2.6 (1.0) | 11.9 (0.97) [93.3,-0.15] | 22.6 (0.510) [116,-2.93] | 70.9 (0.99) [100,-0.71] | 30.4 (0.50) [99.5,-1.63] |
Saturated Exposed | 56.8 (0.99) [99.5,-0.87] | 1.5 (0.69) [98.9,-0.44] | 15.5 (0.85) [93.6,-2.8] | 207.0 (0.19) [102,-0.25] | 132.8 (0.22) [99.5,-0.87] | 1706.4 (0.01) [96.4,-0.03] |
Saturated Unexposed | 38.1 (0.99) [99.6, -1.30] | 3.4 (0.99) [100,-2.20] | 25.9 (0.79) [94.3,-1.71] | 56.7 (0.76) [99.5,-0.87] | 398.8 (0.22) [101,-0.87] | 707.5 (0.10) [101,-0.07] |
The Γ2 for the regression fit is indicated parenthetically
Bracketed values represent [a,b] in the degradation equation y=ax+b
For 17β-estradiol, bracked values represent [a,b} in the degradatioon equation y=aebx
Biological degradation rates of estrogen compounds and common pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were examined in soils with a long history of exposure to these compounds through wastewater effluent and in soil not previously exposed. Biological degradation rates over 14 d were compared under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Table 3.2). Estrogen compounds including estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol exhibited rapid degradation by soil microorganisms in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Rapid degradation rates for estrone, estriol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol occurred in pre-exposed soil under aerobic conditions. Unexposed soil showed similar or slightly longer half-lives than pre-exposed soil under aerobic conditions. 17β-estradiol was the exception; in all treatments, degradation in unexposed soil resulted in a shorter half-life. Anaerobic soils exhibited high biological degradation of estrogens as well. Triclosan degraded faster under aerobic conditions in exposed and unexposed soil. Ibuprofen showed the least propensity toward biological degradation than other chemicals tested. Biological degradation of ibuprofen was only observed in unexposed soil. Interestingly, unexposed soil exhibited a greater ability under anaerobic conditions to biologically degrade tested compounds than previously exposed soil.
Table 3.2. Calculated half-lives (days) of selected PPCPs in soil under aerobic and anerobic conditions
Treatment | Calculated Half Life | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estrone | 17β-estradiol | Estrial | 17α-Ethinylestradiol | Triclosan | Ibuprofen | |
Aerobic Exposed | 0.06 (1.0) [100, -1.17] | 2.3 (1.0) [99.8, -.30] | 0.7 (1.0) [100, -1.07] | 0.8 (1.0) [100, -0.84] | 5.9 (0.96) [95.3, -0.84] | NC |
Aerobic Unexposed | 1.1 (1.0) [100, -0.62] | 2.1 (1.0) | 0.7 (1.0) [100, -107) | 0.8 (1.0) [100, -0.93] | 8.9 (0.89) [98.5, -0.76] | 121.9 (0.69) [99.0, -0.01] |
Anaerobic Exposed | 6.3 (0.98) [99.0 ,-0.11] | 1.9 (0.99) [99.5, -0.42] | 1.7 (1.0) [100, -0.41] | 3.0 (0.93) [104, -0.24] | 28.8 (0.94) [96.9, -0.02] | NC |
Anaerobic Unexposed | 3.4 (0.99) [99.3, -0.20] | 1.6 (0.99) [99.5, -0.42] | 0.7 (1.0) [100, -1.07] | 2.0 (1.0) [99.9, -0.35] | 15.3 (0.83) [94.7, -0.04] | 41.2 (0.83) [94.3, -0.02] |
The Γ2 for the regression fit is indicated parenthetically
Bracketed values represent [a,b] in the degradation equation y=ax+b
NC = Not calculated
Project III: Analysis of Alternative Strategies for Addressing the Presence and Effects of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Water Systems
Results Project III:
Project III was designed to identify and evaluate regulatory and other programs that are or could be utilized to manage PPCPs and other micropollutants in ways that prevent their entry into public water systems or the aquatic environment in concentrations exceeding safe levels.1 The project examined 3 basic issues:
- Can existing statutory and regulatory authorities be utilized to collect information about and/or effectively manage PPCPs entering the aquatic environment?
- Are there other alternative management strategies that should be considered?
- What are the relative strengths and weaknesses of these existing authorities and alternative strategies?
The result of Project III is a report entitled Alternative Strategies for Managing Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Water Resources. The report was released in June 2011 and made publically available via the Micropollutants Clearinghouse (http://www.micropollutants.org/report.php). A limited number of hard copies of the report were printed and made available to select individuals and organizations.
Since its release, the report has been highlighted in numerous news stories, blogs, and other on-line website. Among others, these include:
- Lubbock Avalanche-Journal – Drugs, health care items possible threat to water
- Clean Tech Law – New report suggests legal and technological solutions to pharmaceutical pollutants in water supply
- WaterWired – Report Twofer: 1) Managing Pharmaceuticals and PCPs in Water; 2) CC, Water & Food Security
- WaterandWastewater.com – Reducing Pollutants in Drinking Water Systems Report
- Great Lakes Law – Alternative Strategies for managing pharmaceutical and personal care products in water resources
- Aquafornia: The California Water News Blog –Report: Alternative strategies for managing pharmaceutical and personal care products in water resources
- California Water Alliance – Report: Alternative strategies for managing pharmaceutical and personal care products in water resources
- Water SISweb –Report: Alternative Strategies for Managing Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Water Resources
- Coyote Gulch – Water pollution:A new report suggests the best strategy for eliminating endocrine disruptors in the water supply may be at the source
- EP Online – Strategies for Reducing PPCPs in Drinking Water Systems
- Physorg.com – Report proposes strategies for reducing pollutants in drinking water systems
Footnotes:
1This Alternatives Analysis Project is not designed to determine whether human health and environmental hazards presented by PPCPs in the aquatic environment warrant specific regulatory activities. The Alternatives Analysis instead is designed to evaluate alternative management strategies that could be utilized when scientific research determines PPCP concentrations that could be hazardous to human health or the environment.
Journal Articles on this Report : 6 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
Other project views: | All 9 publications | 7 publications in selected types | All 6 journal articles |
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Type | Citation | ||
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Carr DL, Morse AN, Zak JC, Anderson TA. Biological degradation of common pharmaceuticals and personal care products in soils with high water content. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 2011;217(1-4):127-134. |
EM833085 (Final) |
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Carr DL, Morse AN, Zak JC, Anderson TA. Microbially mediated degradation of common pharmaceuticals and personal care products in soil under aerobic and reduced oxygen conditions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 2011;216(1-4):632-642. |
EM833085 (Final) |
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Fang Y, Karnjanapiboonwong A, Chase DA, Wang J, Morse AN, Anderson TA. Occurrence, fate and persistence of gemfibrozil in water and soil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2012;31(3):550-555. |
EM833085 (Final) |
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Karnjanapiboonwong A, Morse AN, Maul JD, Anderson TA. Sorption of estrogens, triclosan, and caffeine in a sandy loam and a silt loam soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2010;10(7):1300-1307. |
EM833085 (2008) EM833085 (2009) EM833085 (Final) |
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Karnjanapiboonwong A, Chase DA, Canas JE, Jackson WA, Maul JD, Morse AN, Anderson TA. Uptake of 17α-ethynylestradiol and triclosan in pinto bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2011;74:1336-13342. |
EM833085 (Final) |
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Karnjanapiboonwong A, Suski JG, Shah AA, Cai Q, Morse AN, Anderson TA. Occurrence of PPCPs at a wastewater treatment plant and in soil and groundwater at a land application site. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2011;216(1-4):257-273. |
EM833085 (Final) |
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Progress and Final Reports:
Original AbstractThe perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Conclusions drawn by the principal investigators have not been reviewed by the Agency.