Grantee Research Project Results
2004 Progress Report: Longitudinal Study of Children's Exposure to Permethrin
EPA Grant Number: R829397Title: Longitudinal Study of Children's Exposure to Permethrin
Investigators: Raymer, James H. , Hu, Ye A. , Akland, Gerald G.
Current Investigators: Raymer, James H. , Hu, Ye A. , Michael, L. C. , Studabaker, W.
Institution: Desert Research Institute
EPA Project Officer: Aja, Hayley
Project Period: February 18, 2002 through February 17, 2005 (Extended to July 17, 2006)
Project Period Covered by this Report: February 18, 2004 through February 17, 2005
Project Amount: $754,664
RFA: Children's Vulnerability to Toxic Substances in the Environment (2001) RFA Text | Recipients Lists
Research Category: Environmental Justice , Human Health , Children's Health
Objective:
The objectives of this research project are to: (1) investigate the time course of the redistribution of pyrethroid pesticides in various media following application and factors affecting the redistribution; (2) investigate the functional relationships across time between environmental media, personal measurements, and biological media; (3) estimate aggregate exposure after application and the importance of each exposure pathway; and (4) investigate the difference between the time course of pyrethroid pesticide metabolism in adults and children.
Progress Summary:
We are in the third year of this project, and we have requested a 1-year, no-cost extension. Dr. Raymer replaced Dr. Hu as the Principal Investigator (PI) when Dr. Hu left RTI. As shown in Figure 1, we have completed field sample collection, and we are well into sample analysis.
Figure 1. Children’s Permethrin Study Task Timeline
Sample Collection
The major achievement during the reporting period is the completion of field sample collection. Fifteen young children (<3 yrs old) from 13 homes (2 twin sets) with indoor application of pyrethroids have been followed successfully for up to 12 months. Among these 15 children, 66 percent completed the entire 12 month study (10 out of 15 participants), 93 percent completed at least 8 months of sample collection (14 out of 15 participants), and 100 percent completed at least 6 months of sample collection. Up to 17 sets of samples were collected, including air, surface wipes, toy wipes, hand wipes, body suits, duplicate diet, leftover food, morning urine samples (adults and children), video (eating and playing events), and questionnaires. Ages of the participants, the pesticide applied indoors, and applicable application information are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1. Participant Age and Pesticide Application
Part ID |
Child's Age at Beginning of Study (Months) |
Child's BD |
Pesticide |
1st Application Planned for: |
1st visit scheduled for: |
001 |
14 |
6/17/2002 |
cyfluthrin |
8/6/2003 |
8/4/03 at 4 pm |
002 |
30 |
2/24/2001 |
deltamethrin |
5/14/2003 |
5/9/03 at 10am |
003 twin |
26 |
6/25/2001 |
deltamethrin |
5/14/2003 |
5/5/03 at 2 pm |
004 |
45 |
11/4/1999 |
cyfluthrin and pyrethrins |
5/27/2003 |
5/23/03 at 10 am |
005 twin |
25 |
7/17/2001 |
cypermethrin |
12/2/2003 |
11/24/03 at 2 pm |
006 |
22 |
10/5/2001 |
permethrin |
7/14/2003 |
7/10/03 at 10 am |
007 |
20 |
12/1/2001 |
deltamethrin |
6/3/2003 |
6/2/03 at 3 pm |
008 |
12 |
8/7/2002 |
cyfluthrin |
7/9/2003 |
5/30/03 at 10 am |
009 twin |
25 |
7/17/2001 |
cypermethrin |
12/2/2003 |
11/24/03 at 2 pm |
010 |
25 |
7/30/2001 |
permethrin |
09/25/2003 |
9/24/2003 at 12:30 pm |
011 |
15 |
5/16/2002 |
permethrin |
10/22/2003 |
10/20/2003 at 2 pm |
012 |
29 |
3/3/2001 |
cypermethrin |
6/24/2003 |
6/20/03 at 3 pm |
013 twin |
26 |
6/25/2001 |
deltamethrin |
5/14/2003 |
5/5/03 at 2 pm |
014 |
14 |
6/12/2002 |
permethrin and cypermethrin |
8/20/2003 |
8/18/2003 at 2pm |
015 |
14 |
6/2/2002 |
cypermethrin |
10/3/2003 |
10/1/2003 at 4:30 pm |
Table 2. Pesticides, Application Type, and Frequency
Participant ID |
Pesticide Applied |
Application Type |
Frequency |
001 |
cyfluthrin |
professional |
once |
002 |
deltamethrin |
professional |
quarterly |
003 |
deltamethrin |
professional |
quarterly |
004 |
cyfluthrin and pyrethrins |
professional |
every other month |
005 |
cypermethrin |
professional |
quarterly |
006 |
permethrin and pyrethrin |
self applicator |
as needed during summer months |
007 |
deltamethrin |
professional |
quarterly |
008 |
cyfluthrin |
professional |
every other month |
009 |
cypermethrin |
professional |
quarterly |
010 |
permethrin |
self applicator |
as needed during fall months |
011 |
permethrin |
self applicator |
as needed |
012 |
cypermethrin |
self applicator |
as needed |
013 |
deltamethrin |
professional |
quarterly |
014 |
permethrin and cypermethrin |
self applicator |
as needed |
015 |
cypermethrin |
self applicator |
as needed |
Sample Analysis
Most of the samples have been extracted, and a portion of the samples have been analyzed. Table 3 provides preliminary results of target compound concentrations from surface wipes, hand wipes, and body suit samples. The results indicate substantial surface loading of the target compounds in these homes. The surface loading of cypermethrin and permethrin reached 230 ng/cm2 and 210 ng/cm2, respectively. Preliminary data from the hand wipes and body suits indicate potential for dermal uptake from the surfaces.
Table 3. Pyrethroid Loading or Amount in Handwipe, Surface Wipe, and Bodysuit Samples
CONC. |
CHEMICAL |
NO. |
MEAN |
STD. |
MIN. |
25TH |
MEDIAN |
75TH |
MAX. |
% |
|
Hand Wipe |
ng/cm2a |
Deltamethrin |
3 |
9 |
5.6 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
7.1 |
15 |
15 |
83 |
Hand Wipe |
ng/cm2 |
Permethrin |
2 |
6.6 |
7.5 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
6.6 |
12 |
12 |
86 |
Hand Wipe |
ng/cm2 |
cis-Permethrin |
2 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
0.54 |
0.54 |
2.9 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
75 |
Hand Wipe |
ng/cm2 |
trans-Permethrin |
4 |
2.1 |
3.1 |
0.069 |
0.37 |
0.77 |
3.7 |
6.6 |
88 |
Surface Wipe |
ng/cm2 |
Cyfluthrin |
21 |
4.9 |
7.8 |
0.29 |
0.88 |
1.7 |
3.6 |
27 |
35 |
Surface Wipe |
ng/cm2 |
Cypermethrin |
47 |
13 |
36 |
0.33 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
11 |
230 |
61 |
Surface Wipe |
ng/cm2 |
Deltamethrin |
81 |
10 |
13 |
0.64 |
2.6 |
6.2 |
13 |
61 |
83 |
Surface Wipe |
ng/cm2 |
L-Cyhalothrin |
40 |
14 |
19 |
0.064 |
0.92 |
11 |
19 |
80 |
54 |
Surface Wipe |
ng/cm2 |
Permethrin |
96 |
15 |
29 |
0.059 |
0.64 |
1.2 |
22 |
210 |
86 |
Surface Wipe |
ng/cm2 |
cis-Permethrin |
83 |
8.6 |
15 |
0.061 |
0.33 |
0.96 |
10 |
94 |
75 |
Surface Wipe |
ng/cm2 |
trans-Permethrin |
96 |
9.3 |
18 |
0.065 |
0.22 |
0.62 |
13 |
120 |
88 |
Body Suit |
ng |
L-Cyhalothrin |
9 |
89 |
52 |
29 |
56 |
65 |
130 |
180 |
54 |
Body Suit |
ng |
Permethrin |
10 |
2000 |
4100 |
20 |
93 |
230 |
750 |
13000 |
86 |
Body Suit |
ng |
cis-Permethrin |
11 |
1100 |
1900 |
7.4 |
38 |
100 |
1700 |
5300 |
75 |
Body Suit |
ng |
trans-Permethrin |
10 |
1600 |
2600 |
12 |
120 |
270 |
2400 |
7200 |
88 |
aArea based on the average child hand surface area (one side, 143 cm2) from an earlier study.
We have completed the LC/MS/MS analysis of adult urine samples and urine samples from toilet-trained children. Pyrethroid metabolites 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclo-propane) carboxylic acid (DCCA), 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2dimethyl-(1-cyclo-propane) carboxylic acid (DBCA) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) concentrations in the analyzed samples are summarized in Table 4. Preliminary results indicate that metabolites were found in a small fraction of the samples (≤11%). Further statistical analysis will be performed at the completion of the remaining children’s urine samples. A key question is the temporal relationship between pesticide application and urine collection; this also will be investigated.
Table 4. Pyrethroid Metabolite Concentration in Urine Samples
SAMPLE |
CONC. |
CHEMICAL |
NO. |
MEAN |
STD. |
MIN. |
25TH |
MEDIAN |
75TH |
MAX. |
% |
Adult Urine |
ng/mL |
DCCA |
208 |
0.016 |
0.06 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.55 |
4 |
Adult Urine |
ng/mL |
3-PDA |
208 |
0.072 |
0.21 |
0 |
0 |
0.016 |
0.049 |
1.8 |
9 |
Adult Urine |
ng/mL |
DBCA |
208 |
0.03 |
0.16 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.4 |
4 |
Child Urine |
ng/mL |
DCCA |
57 |
0.02 |
0.065 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.34 |
7 |
Child Urine |
ng/mL |
3-PDA |
57 |
0.069 |
0.14 |
0 |
0 |
0.032 |
0.054 |
0.72 |
11 |
Child Urine |
ng/mL |
DBCA |
57 |
0.01 |
0.032 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.17 |
4 |
Future Activities:
The major goal for Year 4 of the project will be to complete sample analysis, data analysis, and reporting. Budgetary limitations will preclude analysis of the food samples. Even in the absence of those data, the major goals of the project will be achieved.
Journal Articles on this Report : 1 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
Other project views: | All 9 publications | 4 publications in selected types | All 4 journal articles |
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Type | Citation | ||
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Hu Y, Beach J, Raymer J, Gardner M. Disposable diaper to collect urine samples from young children for pyrethroid pesticide studies. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 2004;14(5):378-384. |
R829397 (2002) R829397 (2003) R829397 (2004) R829397 (Final) |
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Supplemental Keywords:
pyrethroid pesticides, children, longitudinal study, disposable diapers, exposure modeling, exposure assessment, human exposure, human health risk,, RFA, Health, Scientific Discipline, Health Risk Assessment, Chemistry, Risk Assessments, Disease & Cumulative Effects, Children's Health, Biology, multi-pathway study, permethrin, pesticides, functional relationships, urinary metabolite, exposure, children, longitudinal study, body dosimeter, human exposure, exposure pathways, metabolism, exposure assessmentProgress and Final Reports:
Original AbstractThe perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Conclusions drawn by the principal investigators have not been reviewed by the Agency.