Grantee Research Project Results
2016 Progress Report: Center for Comprehensive, optimaL, and Effective Abatement of Nutrients
EPA Grant Number: R835570Center: UT Center for Infrastructure Modeling and Management
Center Director: Hodges, Ben R.
Title: Center for Comprehensive, optimaL, and Effective Abatement of Nutrients
Investigators: Arabi, Mazdak , Hunt, William F , Hoag, Dana LK , Bledsoe, Brian P. , Osmond, Deanna , Vrugt, Jasper , Silversrein, JoAnn , Sharvelle, Sybil
Institution: Colorado State University , University of Colorado at Boulder , North Carolina State University , University of California - Irvine
Current Institution: Colorado State University , North Carolina State University , University of California - Irvine , University of Colorado at Boulder
EPA Project Officer: Packard, Benjamin H
Project Period: September 1, 2013 through August 31, 2018
Project Period Covered by this Report: September 1, 2015 through August 31,2016
Project Amount: $2,200,151
RFA: Centers for Water Research on National Priorities Related to a Systems View of Nutrient Management (2012) RFA Text | Recipients Lists
Research Category: Watersheds , Water
Objective:
The overall operational goal of the CLEAN Nutrient Center is to develop and demonstrate sustainable cost-effective nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) management strategies for restoring watershed systems and attaining designated uses. These sustainable solutions will integrate abatement strategies for urban, agricultural, and hydro-geomorphic system components, and optimize policy instruments (incentives and market-based approaches) that facilitate trading among sectors, provide equity along water courses, increase chance of adoption, and minimize costs.
The Center’s research will improve the nation’s capacity to protect the environment and public health by developing and testing practical and widely-transferable modeling, and data and decision support tools for risk and performance assessment of nutrient controls. The following describe the project specific research objectives:
Project 1: Achieving Nutrient Reductions through Innovative Approaches for Wastewater Management and Water Demand Reduction
The overarching goal of this project is to assess the effects, costs, and likelihood of adoption of various nutrient management strategies relevant to water and wastewater management. Both management approaches, such as water reuse and source separation of urine among others, and wastewater treatment technologies for nutrient removal and recovery will be evaluated. The objectives of this project focus on exploring the efficacy of these approaches for nutrient removal, their cost effectiveness, reliability, and resiliency. Scale of application of wastewater treatment for reuse or discharge will be a key consideration in the analyses. In addition, social and policy barriers for adoption of those approaches determined to be cost effective will be assessed.
Project 2: Urban Stormwater Management: Evaluation of Simple Retrofits/Design Enhancements and Development of Simple Assessment Tools
- Upflow filters retrofit at wet pond’s outlets to increase phosphorus sequestration.
- Inclusion of anoxic sumps to improve denitrification within bioretention.
- Installation of stormwater harvesting system downstream of permeable pavement to reduce nutrient loads discharged to the storm sewer.
Project 3: Nutrient Reductions in Agricultural Watersheds: Intentional Planning, Implementation, and Maintenance
The overall goal of this project is to build innovative capacities for intentional, targeted implementation of agricultural conservation practices at the watershed scale in two distinct agroecological areas (humid North Carolina and semi-arid, Colorado) that factor in cost and social acceptance. The three main objectives are:
- To understand how effectiveness of agricultural BMPs for N and P control vary with the selected practices, their landscape position, physical characteristics of the farm, proximity to perennial streams, irrigation ditches, and other factors;
- To understand and characterize socioeconomic factors that influence (facilitate or impede) adoption of agricultural BMPs; and
- To develop a simple and practical model based on the SWAT model for representation of BMPs at field, irrigation district, and watershed scales, and then identify simple and transparent approaches for incorporating watershed-scale benefits of conservation.
Project 4: Fluvial Instability and Riparian Degradation: Evaluating and Reducing Nutrient Loading from Channel-Riparian Interfaces
This project is aimed at advancing the inclusion of fluvial erosion processes and their effects on nutrient delivery via channel instability and degraded riparian functions in nutrient assessments and reduction strategies. Specific objectives include:
- Developing a framework and practical tools that will help managers assess the contributions of fluvial instability (bank erosion, incision, and riparian degradation) to excessive N and P loading under varying streamflow conditions relative to other nonpoint sources.
- Estimating the cost-effectiveness of diverse stream and riparian rehabilitation strategies.
- Evaluating the robustness, chance of adoption, and uncertainty of both conventional and innovative practices for reducing nutrient loading from channel-riparian interfaces in disturbed fluvial systems.
Project 5: Effective Incentives and Viable Trans-Sectoral Trading Strategies
The goal of this project is to understand and be able to educate others how people and policies help or hinder the successful planning, management, and implementation of conservation practices, including best management practices and utility policies relating to nutrient controls. The objectives are:
- To identify and quantify effective incentives for adoption of conservation practices and related management actions in utilities and public works agencies, and by other stakeholders; and
- To build context-appropriate approaches for nutrient credit trading programs in each pilot watershed for each Center activity.
Project 6: Nutrient Data, Analysis, and Modeling Dashboard
The goal of this project is to develop and disseminate a nationally applicable integrated data and modeling dashboard that can be used to: (1) identify major watersheds that account for a substantial portion of N and P loads at scales reflecting the needs of communities, regulators, and managers, e.g., Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) 8 or similar scales; and (2) assess effects of nutrient abatement options and potential changes in land use and climate on a HUC 12 or similar scale. The objectives of the study are to:
- Develop a technologically scalable database and model integration framework.
- Demonstrate the applicability of the tool for identification of priority HUC 12 sub-watersheds within HUC 8 watersheds.
- Create capabilities for assessing management scenarios consisting of urban, agricultural, and hydro-geomorphic options for N and P reduction.
Project 7: Assessing Nutrient Management Tradeoff and Targets Under Uncertainty
The overall goal of this project is to develop and demonstrate an integrative and adaptive framework for the development of system-level optimal strategies for targeted implementation of N and P load reduction options on a HUC 12 (or similar scale). The framework facilitates assessing tradeoffs and targets associated with different nutrient management solutions. A stakeholder-centered decision support dashboard based on multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is developed and demonstrated to create insight about sustainability of alternative solutions with a system view of nutrient management.
Progress Summary:
Project 1: Achieving Nutrient Reductions through Innovative Approaches for Wastewater Management and Water Demand Reduction
Primary work included modeling for the City of Boulder case study considering the impacts of urban management practices on influent wastewater quality, impacts on WWTF nutrient removal efficiency through BioWin modeling, and ultimate impact on stream water nutrient concentrations and nutrient loading. A journal manuscript has been drafted entitled "Impact of Water Management Strategies on Wastewater Treatment Performance and Receiving Water Bodies: A Case Study in Boulder, CO.” This manuscript is in final review and will be submitted for publication this fall.
Additionally, modeling efforts were initiated to evaluate the impact of common wastewater treatment technologies to effluent water quality and receiving water bodies. This work builds upon previous work with the City of Fort Collins using the Drake WWTF. The wastewater treatment technologies considered in the study include Centrate and RAS Reaeration Basin (CaRRB), Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation (ANAMMOX), Selective Adsorption, Struvite Precipitation, Electrodialysis, and Ammonia Stripping. A manuscript is being prepared entitled "Evaluation of Cost Effective Approaches for Nutrient Removal in Urban Stormwater and Wastewater: City of Fort Collins Case Study.” Once drafted, the paper will be reviewed and submitted for publication this fall.
The Boulder and Fort Collins Case study served as input to an integrated systems engineering analysis of nutrient management in the Big Dry Creek Watershed Case Study (Project 7). This work was presented at the 2016 CLEAN annual stakeholder meeting. The work evaluated nutrient management practices across wastewater, agriculture, stormwater, and riverbank restoration sector to identify the most cost-effective strategies for nutrient abatement. The Boulder and Fort Collins Case studies provided the inputs to be able to estimate a practice- or technology-associated impact at a systems level.
Project 2: Urban Stormwater Management: Evaluation of Simple Retrofits/Design Enhancements and Development of Simple Assessment Tools
The team has made significant progress on the development of simple modeling tools to estimate nutrient discharges from urban stormwater. The modeling framework has been developed to take advantage of the large database of geospatial information that is accessible through the eRAMS platform. The specific research tasks recently completed for this project objective are highlighted below:
- Developed pre-processed raster maps of urban nutrient loads from stormwater runoff using the Simple Method for the entire state of Colorado using most recently available national data for inputs.
- Evaluated the Simple Method for load estimation by comparing outputs to two monitored wetland basin sites in Fort Collins, CO.
- Developed a method for estimating percent of urban areas being treated by BMPs by determining new urban areas using NLCD land use maps.
- Created a framework to allow the process of estimating urban load contributions in Colorado to be applied throughout the nation.
- Successfully retrofitted bioretention cells in Cary, NC, with IWS.
- Successfully retrofitted wet pond in Durham, NC, with upflow filter
- Continued monitoring and processing comparisons of pre- and post-retrofit data.
Project 3: Nutrient Reductions in Agricultural Watersheds: Intentional Planning, Implementation, and Maintenance
North Carolina:
- Water quality sampling continues in the three selected watersheds. (The area of the selected watersheds ranged from 473 to 803 acres with at least 50% of the area being in cultivation.)
- monitoring pollutant constituents biweekly for TKN, NH4-N, NO3-N, TP, and TSS
- monitoring pollutant constituents monthly in base flow for ortho-P and E. coli
- monitoring water volume
- A monitoring station was installed at the outlet to each watershed in a stable stream reach or at a road culvert. Each station consisted of a stream staff gage, an automated sampler with integrated flowmeter, a battery, and a shelter. Stage-discharge rating tables have been developed for each station using a combination of manual discharge measurements using a pygmy stream current meter and Doppler automated depth and velocity measurements. The rating tables have been programmed into the samplers to facilitate the collection of flow-proportional samples and the continuous measurement of discharge.
- Samplers have been visited every 2 weeks since installation around August 1, 2014, to retrieve samples and conduct maintenance. Samples are being analyzed for TKN, NH3-N, NOx-N, TP, and TSS. Nonstorm or baseflow samples are collected quarterly and analyzed for dissolve P and bacteria. We have begun data analysis.
- We have developed the list of landowners in each watershed and are continuing to collect land use information.
- We developed a survey on fertilizer and conservation practice decision making and the survey is being administered to farmers in the watersheds.
Colorado:
- We continue to coordinate with Project 5 on beginning to look at factors influencing BMP adoption in the S. Platte River Basin of Colorado.
- We coordinated with Project 6 on integrating a version of SWAT Conservation Planning into the water management module on eRAMS.
- Potential livestock nutrient inputs in S. Platte watershed were characterized and quantified.
- We implemented BMPs at the field monitoring site including conservation tillage and fertilizer placement and timing in barley crop for the 2016 growing season.
- Edge of field monitoring equipment, soil moisture monitoring devices, and pore water samplers were installed.
- We sampled two storm and two irrigation events for nutrients and sediment loads in 2016
Project 4: Fluvial Instability and Riparian Degradation: Evaluating and Reducing Nutrient Loading from Channel-Riparian Interfaces
During this reporting period, field work was conducted in Lick Creek, a tributary to Falls Lake in Durham, NC, one of the study watersheds for the project. Data were collected on bank geometry and stability, channel slope, and bank soil phosphorus content. These data will be used for modeling bank erosion and phosphorus loading over time. These data also will be compared to the other study watershed, Big Dry Creek, Westminster, CO.
The literature review of the efficacy of stream restoration for nutrient management has been completed and submitted for publication. Additional analysis currently is underway to modify existing sediment transport relationships for use in modeling channel incision and evolution through time.
Project 5: Effective Incentives and Viable Trans-Sectoral Trading Strategies
Our focus over this period has been to integrate economic information in coordination with Projects 6 and 7, which are integrating pollution information across the four project teams working in source mediums (agriculture, waste water, storm water, and streams). We chose the Dry Creek Watershed north of Denver, Colorado, to pilot test how well we could integrate and present a comprehensive nutrient management scenario. We presented the case study at our annual meetings in February. We continue to work on integration by expanding the details and scope of our abilities.
We also conducted experiments to determine how farmers and waste water treatment plants would respond to various rules in a nutrient trading program. Results will be analyzed in the fall.
Project 6: Nutrient Data, Analysis, and Modeling Dashboard
A set of analysis tools for low flow quantification, wastewater treatment plant discharge data, and more has been created and is available for use by stakeholders and the Colorado Department of Health and Environment (CDPHE) on eRAMS, eRAMS CDPHE Tools Exit.
A watershed scale summary and decadal change-focused analysis tool, the Watershed Rapid Assessment Program (WRAP) has been developed over the past year in collaboration with CDPHE and is available at eRAMS Watershed Rapid Assessment Program (WRAP) Exit.
A web-based geospatially-enabled database was developed to access groundwater quality monitoring data collected by the Colorado Department of Agriculture by year and geographic location for pesticides and inorganic compounds including nitrate–nitrogen. The tool can be accessed at: Agricultural Chemicals Groundwater Protection Water Quality Database. Exit
Project 7: Assessing Nutrient Management Tradeoff and Targets Under Uncertainty
A framework was developed for optimal nutrient abatement based on nutrient sources in a watershed. This framework examines wastewater treatment plants and technologies, urban stormwater analysis, agricultural conservation practices, and fluvial instability and riparian degradation to determine the optimal best management practices that can reduce nutrient pollution to nearby water bodies. The costs to implement and maintain these practices also were taken into consideration and used in the analysis.
Prompted by total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the Big Dry Creek Watershed exceeding interim warm water in stream standards for nitrogen and phosphorus based on Colorado Regulation 31 in 2010-2015, this analysis framework was applied in the Big Dry Creek Watershed, Colorado.
The strategies for wastewater that were examined were source separation at 30% population adoption, carbon addition to achieve 85% nitrogen reduction, and struvite precipitation at 90% process efficiency. These strategies were tested at the three wastewater treatment plants in the Big Dry Creek Watershed (Big Dry Creek, Northglenn, and Broomfield). The results showed that carbon addition resulted in the least amount of TN, while struvite precipitation resulted in the smallest TP contribution. Struvite precipitation was the cheapest nutrient management strategy, whereas source separation was the most expensive.
Nutrient loads in urban stormwater were quantified using the Simple Method in the watershed. Two alternatives were taken into consideration. Alternative 1 implemented bioretention cells where BMPs are not currently being utilized and Alternative 2 implemented modified bioretention cells with increased storage capacity where BMPs are not currently being utilized. The results indicated that the modified bioretention cells could reduce the annual TN load by up to half the TN loads from regular bioretention cells. Additionally, this upgrade is relatively cheap, per pound of TN reduced.
Combinations of irrigation, tillage, and nutrient management practices were used to model different crop rotations over a 16-year period to determine the optimal nutrient management practice for irrigated agriculture. The tillage practices included conventional, modified no-till (reduced), and strip tillage. Surface irrigation/graded furrow was compared to center pivot irrigation. The timing and quantity of fertilizer application also was taken into consideration and applied within the scenarios. SWAT-CP, a single field analysis version of the SWAT model from USDA, was used to individually model the agricultural fields in the Big Dry Creek Watershed. The results showed that strip tillage with center pivot irrigation had the most significant impact on reducing the amount of TN and TP loads. The cost to implement center pivot irrigation to fields that are not already equipped with this technology was the most expensive alternative.
Bank erosion can be a large contributor to phosphorus loading in streams. Based on field work and modeling, the potential phosphorus reductions from strategic implementation of bank stabilization was calculated. It was found that by restoring roughly 30% of the eroded bank length in the watershed, phosphorus loading rates from bank erosion could be reduced by almost 60%.
Out of 4,500 different scenarios modeled for the watershed from changing WWTPs, stormwater, irrigated agriculture, and stream restoration, 27 of these scenarios were optimal for the watershed scale reduction of nutrients. In particular,
- Big Dry Creek WWTP- Struvite Precipitation and Carbon Addition
- Broomfield WWTP- Struvite Precipitation and Carbon Addition
- Northglenn WWTP- Source Separation at 30 percent adoption
- Strip Tillage with Center Pivot Irrigation for all irrigated agricultural fields
If these scenarios were adopted, a 55% reduction in TP and 45% reduction in TN could be seen at a total estimated cost of $477,000 per year.
Future Activities:
Project 1: Achieving Nutrient Reductions through Innovative Approaches for Wastewater Management and Water Demand Reduction
The next reporting period will include submission of the two journal articles and work to improve the analysis that serves as the inputs into the integrated modeling. The Big Dry Creek Case Study provided a good representation of the integrated approach possibilities and approach. Further work is necessary to consider additional practices and technologies and to substantiate the developed inputs. This will be done by developing BioWin modules for each treatment technology and applying them to four different front range wastewater treatment facilities with calibrated BioWin models. The evaluation at four different facilities will allow empirical relationships describing the impact of a treatment technology to effluent pollutant loading. The developed empirical relationships will allow a broader systems engineering analysis to other treatment facilities to consider the cumulative impacts of implementing treatment technologies in a watershed.
Project 2: Urban Stormwater Management: Evaluation of Simple Retrofits/Design Enhancements and Development of Simple Assessment Tools
Tyler Dell, CSU graduate student, will complete his thesis that documents the methods used to develop the urban stormwater modeling tools. Concurrently, he will work with the computer programming team to implement the tools into the eRAMS platform.
We will complete monitoring and analysis of IWS retrofits. We also will provide complete hydrology data to CSU team for modeling, simulate storms in upflow filter retrofit to test various sorption media, and continue field testing upflow filter retrofit.
Project 3: Nutrient Reductions in Agricultural Watersheds: Intentional Planning, Implementation, and Maintenance
North Carolina:
- Continue collecting land use data
- Continue monitoring
- Continue interviewing watershed farmers
Colorado:
- Continue monitoring BMP effectiveness on project field
- Develop nutrient budgets for CAFO facilities identified in S. Platte according to manure distribution and composting
Project 4: Fluvial Instability and Riparian Degradation: Evaluating and Reducing Nutrient Loading from Channel-Riparian Interfaces
During the next reporting period, field data from Big Dry Creek and Lick Creek will be analyzed and used to compare phosphorus loading potential from bank erosion in these two watersheds. Further progress will be made on developing the mechanistic foundation for modeling channel erosion and evolution through time.
Project 5: Effective Incentives and Viable Trans-Sectoral Trading Strategies
We will analyze the data from our economic experiments on nutrient trading and work on finalizing methods to integrate economic and nutrient information.
Project 6: Nutrient Data, Analysis and Modeling Dashboard
We will analyze the data from our economic experiments on nutrient trading and work on finalizing methods to integrate economic and nutrient information.
Project 7: Assessing Nutrient Management Tradeoff and Targets Under Uncertainty
The framework developed for the Big Dry Creek Watershed will be used to do a similar analysis for the South Platte River Basin. Indicators will be quantified to determine the resiliency, vulnerability, and reliability of these systems along with the equity between different sectors. The WWTP, stormwater, and natural background data for this basin already have been compiled. The irrigated agriculture scenarios for Division 1 in Colorado currently are being implemented using the SWAT-CP model.
Journal Articles: 38 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
Other center views: | All 137 publications | 38 publications in selected types | All 36 journal articles |
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Hoag DLK, Arabi M, Osmond D, Ribaudo M, Motallebi M, Tasdighi A. Policy utopias for nutrient credit trading programs with nonpoint sources. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 2017;53(3):514-520. |
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Hoag, D. C. Goemans, and T. Orlando, Sustainable policies that align irrigation and water quality, Special Issue:The Future of Water in the West, Western Economic Forum, 16(1):54. |
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Johnson JP, Hunt WF. Evaluating the spatial distribution of pollutants and associated maintenance requirements in an 11 year-old bioretention cell in urban Charlotte, NC. Journal of Environmental Management 2016;184(Pt 2):363-370. |
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Johnson JP, Hunt WF. Evaluating the spatial distribution of pollutants and associated maintenance requirements in an 11 year-old bioretention cell in urban Charlotte, NC. Journal of Environmental Management 2016;184(2):363-370. |
R835570 (2017) |
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Kohler LE, Silverstein J, Rajagopalan B. Modeling on-site wastewater treatment system performance fragility to hydroclimate stressors. Water Science and Technology 2016;74(12):2917-2926. |
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Kohler LE, Silverstein J, Rajagopalan B. Modeling on-site wastewater treatment system performance fragility to hydroclimate stressors. Water Science & Technology 2016;74(12):2917-2926. |
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Lammers RW, Bledsoe BP, Langendoen EJ. Uncertainty and sensitivity in a bank stability model: implications for estimating phosphorus loading. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2016 [Epub ahead of print], doi:10.1002/esp.4004. |
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Lammers RW, Bledsoe BP, Langendoen EJ. Uncertainty and sensitivity in a bank stability model: implications for estimating phosphorus loading. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2017;42(4):612-623. |
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Lammers RW, Bledsoe BP. What role does stream restoration play in nutrient management? Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 2017;47(6):335-371. |
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Lammers RW, Bledsoe BP. Parsimonious sediment transport equations based on Bagnold’s stream power approach. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2018;43(1):242–258. |
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McKenna A, Silverstein J, Sharvelle S, Hodgson B. Modeled Response of Wastewater Nutrient Treatment to Indoor Water Conservation. Environmental Engineering Science 2017;35(5) |
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Motallebi M, O’Connell C, Hoag DL, Osmond DL. Role of conservation adoption premiums on participation in water quality trading programs. Water 2016;8(6):245 (13 pp.). |
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Motallebi M, Hoag DL, Tasdighi A, Arabi M, Osmond DL. An economic inquisition of water quality trading programs, with a case study of Jordan Lake, NC. Journal of Environmental Management 2017;193:483-490. |
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Motallebi M, Hoag DL, Tasdighi A, Arabi M, Osmond DL, Boone RB. The impact of relative individual ecosystem demand on stacking ecosystem credit markets. Ecosystem Services 2018;29(Part A):137-144. |
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Mueller Price JS, Baker DW, Bledsoe BP. Effects of passive and structural stream restoration approaches on transient storage and nitrate uptake. River Research and Applications 2016;32(7):1542-1554. |
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O'Connell C, Motallebi M, Osmond DL, Hoag DL. Trading on Risk: the moral logics and economic reasoning of North Carolina farmers in water quality trading markets. Economic Anthropology 2017;4(2):225-238. |
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Records RM, Wohl E, Arabi M. Phosphorus in the river corridor. Earth-Science Reviews 2016;158:65-88. |
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Rosburg TT, Nelson PA, Sholtes JS, Bledsoe BP. The effect of flow data resolution on sediment yield estimation and channel design. Journal of Hydrology 2016;538:429–439,. |
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Rosburg TT, Nelson PA, Bledsoe BP. Effects of urbanization on flow duration and stream flashiness: a case study of Puget Sound streams, western Washington, USA. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 2017;53(2):493-507. |
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Sharp MD, Hoag DLK, Bailey RT, Romero EC, Gates TK. Institutional constraints on cost‐effective water management: selenium contamination in Colorado's lower Arkansas River Valley. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 2016;52(6):1420-1432. |
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Stroth TR, Bledsoe BP, Nelson PA. Full spectrum analytical channel design with the Capacity/Supply Ratio (CSR). Water 2017;9(4):271. |
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Suchetana B, Rajagopalan B, Silverstein J. Hierarchical modeling approach to evaluate spatial and temporal variability of wastewater treatment compliance with biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and ammonia limits in the United States. Environmental Engineering Science 2016;33(7):514-524. |
R835570 (2014) R835570 (2017) |
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Suchetana B, Rajagopalan B, Silverstein J. Hierarchical modeling approach to evaluate spatial and temporal variability of wastewater treatment compliance with biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and ammonia limits in the United States. Environmental Engineering Science 2016;33(7):514-524. |
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Suchetana B, Rajagopalan B, Silverstein J. Hierarchical modeling approach to evaluate spatial and temporal variability of wastewater treatment compliance with biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and ammonia limits in the United States. Environmental Engineering Science 2016;33(7):514-524. |
R835570 (2014) R835570 (2017) |
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Suchetana B, Rajagopalan B, Silverstein J. Hierarchical modeling approach to evaluate spatial and temporal variability of wastewater treatment compliance with biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and ammonia limits in the United States. Environmental Engineering Science 2016;33(7):514-524. |
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Suchetana B, Rajagopalan B, Silverstein J. Assessment of wastewater treatment facility compliance with decreasing ammonia discharge limits using a regression tree model. Science of the Total Environment 2017;598:249-257. |
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Suchetana B, Rajagopalan B, Silverstein J. Modeling Total Inorganic Nitrogen in Treated Wastewater Using Non-Homogeneous Hidden Markov and Multinomial Logistic Regression Models. Science of the Total Environment 2019;46:625-633. |
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Wei, X., Bailey, R., Records, Wible, T., Arabi, M. Comprehensive simulation of nitrate transport in coupled surface-subsurface hydrologic systems using the linked SWAT-MODFLOW-RT3D model, Environmental Modeling & Software 2018 . |
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Weirich SR, Silverstein J, Rajagopalan B. Resilience of secondary wastewater treatment plants:prior performance is predictive of future process failure and recovery time. Environmental Engineering Science 2015;32(3):222-231. |
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Weirich SR, Silverstein J, Rajagopalan B. Simulation of effluent biological oxygen demand and ammonia for increasingly decentralized networks of wastewater treatment facilities. Environmental Engineering Science 2015;32(3):232-239. |
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Weirich SR, Silverstein J, Rajagopalan B. Simulation of effluent BOD Ammonia for Increasingly Decentralized Networks of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Environmental Engineering Science 2015;32(3):232-239. |
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Williams RE, Arabi M, Loftis J, Elmund GK. Monitoring design for assessing compliance with numeric nutrient standards for rivers and streams using geospatial variables. Journal of Environmental Quality 2014;43(5):1713-1724. |
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Winston RJ, Hunt WF, Pluer WT. Nutrient and sediment reduction through upflow filtration of stormwater retention pond effluent. Journal of Environmental Engineering 2017;143(5):06017002. |
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Wohl EE, Bledsoe BP, Jacobson RB, Poff NL, Rathburn SL, Walters D, Wilcox AC. The Natural Sediment Regime in Rivers:Broadening the Foundation for Ecosystem Management. Bioscience 2015; 65(4):358–371 |
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Hodgson B, Sharvelle S, Silverstein j, McKenna A. Impact of Water Management Strategies on Wastewater Effluent Nutrient Discharge and Receiving Water Quality. Environmental Engineering Science 2017;35(6). |
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Lammers RW, Bledsoe BP. A Network Scale, Intermediate Complexity Model for Stimulating Channel Evolution Over Years to Decades. Journal of Hydrology 2018;566:886-900. |
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Tasdighi A, Arabi M, Harmel D, Line D. A Bayesian total uncertainty analysis framework for assessment of management practices using watershed models, Environmental Modelling and Software. Environmental Modeling & Software 2018;108:240-252. |
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Tasdighi A, Arabi M, Harmel D. A probabilistic appraisal of rainfall-runoff modeling approaches within SWAT in mixed land use watersheds. Journal of Hydrology 2018;564:476-489. |
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Supplemental Keywords:
Nutrients, impaired water body, prioritization, multi criteria decision analysis, modeling, credit trading, economics, incentives, policy, socioeconomic, feasibility, MCDA, institutional analysis, graywater, ANNOMOX, stormwater management, best management practice, nitrogen, phosphorus, cost-benefit, intentional watershed planning, targeted BMP implementation, pollution, eutrophication, denitrification, channel evolution;Relevant Websites:
Nutrient Management Tradeoffs and TargetsExitProgress and Final Reports:
Original AbstractThe perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Conclusions drawn by the principal investigators have not been reviewed by the Agency.