Main Title |
Economic and energy analyses of regional water pollution control / |
Author |
Heggen, Richard J., ;
Williamson, Kenneth J.
|
CORP Author |
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Water Resources Research Inst.;Environmental Research Lab., Athens, GA. |
Publisher |
Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, |
Year Published |
1978 |
Report Number |
EPA-600/5-78-019; EPA-68-03-2397 |
Stock Number |
PB-288 098 |
OCLC Number |
04512044 |
Subjects |
Water--Pollution--Economic aspects--Oregon ;
Water quality management--Oregon ;
Power resources--Oregon
|
Additional Subjects |
Cost effectiveness ;
Water pollution abatement ;
Willamette River ;
Government policies ;
Multiple purpose reservoirs ;
Stream pollution ;
Regional planning ;
Sewage disposal ;
Dissolved gases ;
Oxygen ;
Mathematical models ;
Industrial waste treatment ;
Recommendations ;
Geomorphology ;
Expenses ;
Wildlife ;
Irrigation ;
Navigation ;
Oregon ;
Low flow augmentation ;
Point sources ;
Energy consumption
|
Internet Access |
|
Holdings |
Library |
Call Number |
Additional Info |
Location |
Last Modified |
Checkout Status |
EHAM |
TD224.O7H43 |
|
Region 1 Library/Boston,MA |
04/29/2016 |
EJBD |
EPA 600-5-78-019 |
|
Headquarters Library/Washington,DC |
02/18/2014 |
EKDD |
EPA 600/5-78-019 |
|
CEMM/EPD Library/Athens,GA |
11/12/2014 |
ELBD ARCHIVE |
EPA 600-5-78-019 |
Received from HQ |
AWBERC Library/Cincinnati,OH |
10/04/2023 |
ELBD RPS |
EPA 600-5-78-019 |
repository copy |
AWBERC Library/Cincinnati,OH |
01/26/2015 |
ESAD |
EPA 600-5-78-019 |
|
Region 10 Library/Seattle,WA |
10/10/2017 |
NTIS |
PB-288 098 |
Some EPA libraries have a fiche copy filed under the call number shown. |
|
07/26/2022 |
|
Collation |
xii, 164 pages : illustrations ; 28 cm |
Abstract |
Two strategic approaches to water quality control in Oregon's Willamette River are presently being utilized: point source treatment and flow augmentation from reservoirs. Input/Output analysis (I/O) provides an econometric methodology to study direct and indirect energy response to pollution control alternatives. An energy I/O national model is coupled with a comprehensive Willamette River dissolved oxygen model. Three approaches to environmental control for the Willamette are examined. One is that of current enforcement coupled with present levels of augmentation. Another consists of less augmentation and increased wastewater treatment. The third approach consists of increased flow augmentation for water quality control. Each alternative of environmental control is evaluated as if it had been practiced in a study year of low natural runoff. The relation of augmentation for water quality to other river uses is used to value flow in a benefits-foregone manner. Reservoir costs are allocated to water quality. For alternatives of treatment and augmentation, river quality, dollar cost and energy impact response surfaces are developed. |
Notes |
"September 1978." "Contract No. 68-03-2397." "Project Officer James W. Falco, Technology, Development and Applications Branch." Includes bibliographical references (pages 98-105). |
Contents Notes |
Foreword -- Abstract -- Figures -- Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Water resources -- Policies -- Environmental modeling -- Economic modeling -- Energy modeling -- Analysis -- Discussion -- References -- Glossray -- Appendices. A. Listing of municipal and industial discharges ; B. Dissolved oxygen model ; C. Reaeration of the Willamette ; D. Low flow augementation and river uses ; E. Cost alloctation ; F. Input/output analysis ; G. Treatment levels ; H. Dollar and energy cost tabulations ; I. Reservoir net energy impact ; J. Energy flow computations. Two strategic approaches to water quality control in Oregon's Willamette River are presently being utilized: point source treatment and flow augmentation. Dry weather releases from reservoirs are for authorized purposes other than water quality. However, reservoirs can participate in pollution control by summer flow augmentation if authorized water resource objectives (flood control, navigation, etc.,) are not sacrificed. It is hypothesized that the differences in economic and total energy impacts between treatment and augmentation may be substantial. Of additional interest is the comparison between direct utilization of energy for Williamette Valley pollution control and indirect energy requirements of such programs. Input/output analysis (I/O) provides an econometric methodology to study economic impacts and direct and indirect energy response to pollution control alternatives. In this study, discharge and loadings are empirically related to surveyed direct dollar and energy expenses. An energy I/O national model is coupled with a comprehensive Willamette River dissolved oxygen model. Costs estimated for discharges resulting from different pollution control strategies are then transformed by I/O to total energy costs. Three approaches to environmental control for the Willamette were examined. One was that of current enforcement coupled with present levels of augmentation. Another consisted of less augmentation and increased wastewater treatment. Appropriate tactics involved advanced secondary methods of treatment, regionalization of treatment plants, and yet more stringent effluent requirements for industry. The third approach consisted of increased flow augmentation for water quality control. Corresponding treatment was somewhat relaxed. Each alternative of environmental control was evaluated as if it had been practiced in a study year of low natural runoff. The relation of augmentation for water quality to other river uses was utilized to value flow in a benefits-foregone manner. Independently, reservoir costs were allocated to water quality. An instream unit price was thus assigned to augmentation. For each alternative of treatment and augmentation, the dissolved oxygen quality of the Willamette was simulated and the costs of the environmental strategy estimated. River quality, dollar cost, and energy impact response surfaces were developed. Indirect energy costs, largely expended out of the region, were roughly twice the direct energy use. Because of the predominance of treatment expenses over augmentation cost and the energy-intensive nature of treatment, energy impact was substantially a reflection of treatment degree. Because augmentation reduced treatment required, energy and dollar efficient management calls for the full role of augmentation in water quality control. In some degree this presently occurs. Policies of the region were compared: the present commitments to environmental improvement and economic development were found to contradict the area's energy objectives. This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract Number 68-03-2397 by Oregon State University, Water Resources Research Institute under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers the period April 1, 1976, to July 31, 1977, and work was completed as of April 1978. |
Place Published |
Athens, Ga. |
Title Ser Add Ent |
Research reporting series. Socioeconomic environmental studies series ; EPA-600/5-78-019. |
PUB Date Free Form |
1978 |
Series Title Untraced |
Socioeconomic environmental studies series ; EPA-600/5-78-019 |
NTIS Prices |
PC A09/MF A01 |
BIB Level |
m |
Medium |
unmediated |
Content |
text |
Carrier |
volume |
Cataloging Source |
OCLC/T |
Merged OCLC records |
1225692462 |
OCLC Time Stamp |
20170928062439 |
Language |
eng |
SUDOCS Number |
EP 1.23/3:600/5-78-019 |
Origin |
OCLC |
Type |
MERGE |
OCLC Rec Leader |
06122cam 2200565Ki 45010 |