Abstract |
This report provides state-of-the-art information on controlled release (CR) pesticide formulations, their efficacy, and materials used in their manufacture. Formulation ingredients and their function are described. Theories of release rate kinetics of various CR systems studied are discussed. 114 pesticides and other agents used in CR applications, 100 materials used in binding matrixes and wall membranes, and 86 additives are listed with their manufacturers, toxicity, and pertinent literature citations. Speculation on degradation products of polymers and additives is offered in the absence of experimental data on environmental effects. Polymers are divided into 15 categories, their properties defined, and degradation rates estimated to provide their environmental persistence. Modes of degradation of these materials are discussed. 20 ASTM test procedures adapted to assessing environmental impact plus other sources of methodology are suggested. 17 procedures in the EPA proposed guidelines (Fed. Reg. 6/25/76) for registering pesticides and other procedures are suggested for study regarding development of appropriate tests for assessing decomposition and aging properties of polymers and additives. Criteria for EPA registration of controlled release products are recommended including efficacy, safety, and toxicological evaluation along with unknown effects of chronic exposure to non-target organisms and systems. |