| Contents Notes |
1. Introduction: Questions of Scale / Christopher B. Field and James R. Ehleringer -- pt. I. Integrating Spatial Patterns. 2. Concepts of Scale at the Local Level / Simon A. Levin. 3. Spatial Information for Extrapolation of Canopy Processes: Examples from FIFE / David S. Schimel, Frank W. Davis and Timothy G.F. Kittel -- pt. II. Leaf to Ecosystem Level Integration. 4. Scaling Processes between Leaf and Canopy Levels / John M. Norman. 5. Scaling Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide Exchange from Leaves to a Canopy: Rules and Tools / Dennis D. Baldocchi. 6. Prospects for Bottom-Up Models / Paul G. Jarvis. 7. Scaling Ecophysiology from the Plant to the Ecosystem: A Conceptual Framework / James F. Reynolds, David W. Hilbert and Paul R. Kemp. 8. Generalization of a Forest Ecosystem Process Model for Other Biomes, BIOME-BGC, and an Application for Global-Scale Models / Steven W. Running and E. Raymond Hunt, Jr. 9. How Ecophysiologists Can Help Scale from Leaves to Landscapes / Richard H. Waring -- pt. III. Global Constraints and Regional Processes. 10. Global Dynamics and Ecosystem Processes: Scaling Up or Scaling Down? / Peter M. Vitousek. 11. Observational Strategy for Assessing the Role of Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Global Carbon Cycle: Scaling Down to Regional Levels / Pieter P. Tans. 12. Forests in the Global Carbon Balance: From Stand to Region / Paul G. Jarvis and Roddy C. Dewar. 13. Prospects for Scaling / Martyn M. Caldwell, Pamela A. Matson, Carol Wessman and John Gamon -- pt. IV. Functional Units in Ecology. 14. Scaling in Biological Systems: Population and Community Perspectives / Fakhri A. Bazzaz. 15. Scaling at the Population Level: Effects of Species Composition and Population Structure / James S. Clark. 16. Functional Role of Growth Forms in Ecosystem and Global Processes / F. Stuart Chapin III. 17. Grouping Plants by Their Form-Function Characteristics as an Avenue for Simplification in Scaling between Leaves / Todd E. Dawson and F. Stuart Chapin III -- pt. V. Integrating Technologies for Scaling. 18. Applications of Stable Isotopes to Scaling Biospheric Photosynthetic Activities / Dan Yakir, Joseph A. Berry, Larry J. Giles, C. Barry Osmond and Richard B. Thomas. 19. Remote Sensing of Ecological Processes: A Strategy for Developing and Testing Ecological Models Using Spectral Mixture Analysis / Susan L. Ustin, Milton O. Smith and John B. Adams. 20. New Technologies for Physiological Ecology / David S. Schimel. |
