Grantee Research Project Results
Final Report: Connectivity in Marine Seascapes: Predicting Ecological and Socioeconomic Costs of Climate Change on Coral Reef Ecosystems
EPA Grant Number: R832223Title: Connectivity in Marine Seascapes: Predicting Ecological and Socioeconomic Costs of Climate Change on Coral Reef Ecosystems
Investigators: Sanchirico, James N. , Mumby, Peter J. , Hastings, Alan , Brumbaugh, Dan , Micheli, Fiorenza , Broad, Kenneth
Institution: Resources for the Future , American Museum of Natural History , University of California - Davis , University of Exeter , University of Miami , Stanford University
Current Institution: Resources for the Future , American Museum of Natural History , Stanford University , University of California - Davis , University of Exeter , University of Miami
EPA Project Officer: Packard, Benjamin H
Project Period: March 1, 2005 through February 28, 2008 (Extended to June 30, 2009)
Project Amount: $749,087
RFA: Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services Provided by Coral Reefs and Tidal Marshes (2004) RFA Text | Recipients Lists
Research Category: Aquatic Ecosystems , Water , Ecological Indicators/Assessment/Restoration , Climate Change , Watersheds
Objective:
Our project integrates theory and data from ecology, biology, and the social sciences (economics and anthropology) to address major questions about the ecological and socioeconomic resilience of coral reef-seagrass-mangrove ecosystems. Using a Caribbean coralreef ecosystem as our model system, we systematically explored several core questions, including: (a) How do impacts including overfishing and mangrove deforestation affect the vulnerability of Caribbean coral reefs to climate change? (b) What is the ecological and economic value of taking a more holistic ecosystem-based management approach that considers the broad range of ecosystem services produced from this ecosystem?, and (c) What are the ecological and economic effects of marine reserves in improving the health of the coral-reef ecosystem? Our methodology consisted of empirical, theoretical, and simulation based modeling both in the ecological research and in the integrative interdisciplinary socioeconomic-ecological analysis.Summary/Accomplishments (Outputs/Outcomes):
Overall, the grant has been acknowledged in 32 peer-reviewed publications including articles in Science, Nature, PNAS, and Journal of Environmental Economics and Management (an additional 4 articles are under review). The article on spatial-dynamic processes (Pub. 30) in the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management won the 2010 Quality of Research Discovery award from the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association (AAEA). The award will be announced in July 2010 at the annual meeting of the AAEA.
The research team made substantial contributions to the literature on: (1) coral reef ecology with special attention to the role of grazers (Pubs. 7,10,13,15,16,18,22,23,31) that included developing novel analysis of hysteresis (Pubs. 19,21,24,R.1); (2) simulation models of climate change on coral reefs (Pubs. 9,19,21); (3) empirical and theoretical effects of fishery closures on coral reefs and fisheries (Pubs. 1,2,3,4,8,14,17,25,26,29, R.2); (4) the nature and value of coral reef-mangrove-sea grass ecosystem services (Pub 5,6,11,12,20,27,32,R.4); and (5) how broader ecosystem-based components and values from food-web interactions, spatial interconnectedness (metapopulations), tourism, and storm protection can alter management prescriptions relative to the base line of single-species aspatial fishery management (Pubs. 28, 30,R.3).
Fig. 1 summarizes the components of the project where many of the sub-projects were comprised of a number of the elements. For example, Mumby, Hastings, and Edwards (Pub. 19) investigated coral-reef resilience using a model of macroalgae and parrotfish with and without environmental disturbances due to hurricanes. Kellner et al (Pub. R.3) investigate the economic and ecological implications of ecosystem-based fishery management using a bioeconomic model of grouper, snapper, and parrotfish.
The web summary is organized as follows. First, we discuss in more detail a selection of our output. In particular, we focus on the following areas: (1) investigation of the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs; (2) Caribbean trophic dynamics and ecological resilience; and (3) analysis of management options for coral-reef ecosystem services. For each section, we list the publications by number that correspond to the research. Second, we list the publication output from the grant. Third, we highlight the outreach from the grant including post-doctoral scholars and graduate student training, professional presentations, non-peer reviewed publications, and educational material (e.g., web videos and instructional resources). Finally, we list the supplementary key words and relevant web pages.
Figure 1. Schematic of empirical and theoretical projects to meet the goal of developing policies to improve the economic and ecological resilience of coral-reef ecosystems.
Investigation of the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs
Recent evidence on the declining quality of coral reefs around the world has highlighted the fragility of marine biodiversity and of the many millions of people that depend on the provision of ecosystem services. Because of the disease-induced mortality of Diadema antillarum in 1983 and the resulting dependence on parrotfish for maintaining the right balance of macroalgae, Caribbean reefs are some of the most impacted and threatened. In an article published in Nature (Pub #19), we investigated the critical question whether the observed macroalgal bloom on Caribbean reefs is easily reversible. Answering this question requires understanding whether algal-dominated reefs are an alternative stable state of the ecosystem or simply the readily reversible result of a phase change along a gradient of some environmental or ecological parameter.
In the Nature paper, we used a fully parameterized simulation model in combination with a simple analytical model. Fig. 2, which appeared in the paper as Fig. 2, shows that Caribbean reefs became susceptible to alternative stable states once the urchin mortality event of 1983 confined the majority of grazing to parrotfishes. Mumby, Hastings, and Edwards also showed that most grazing thresholds lie near the upper level observed for parrotfishes in nature suggesting that reefs are highly sensitive to parrotfish exploitation.
Combining the above analysis with a model that simulates natural disturbance from hurricanes, Mumby, Hastings, and Edwards were also able to identify targets for the restoration of ecosystem processes by estimating the relationship between current reef state (coral cover and grazing) and the probability that the reef will withstand moderate hurricane intensity for two decades without becoming entrained in a shift towards a stable macroalgal-dominated state.
Building on the paper published in Nature, Mumby and Hastings (Pub 21) investigated how ontogenetic dispersal of reef fish between Caribbean mangroves and adjacent coral reefs affects ecosystem function and resilience to climate-driven disturbance. Using empirical data, mangrove-driven enrichment of parrotfish grazing on two coral reef habitats was calculated and the consequences of increased grazing were then investigated using a spatial simulation of coral reef dynamics in shallow (depth 3-6 m) and mid-shelf forereefs (depth 7-15 m).
Mumby and Hastings found that the largest increase in grazing occurred in shallow reefs but rather surprisingly, it had negligible consequences for coral population dynamics. In contrast, relatively weak increases in grazing on deeper reefs had profound consequences: reefs near mangroves were able to experience coral recovery under the most intense hurricane regimes of the Caribbean, whereas those lacking ecosystem connectivity had little capacity for recovery. This surprising result occurs because reefs exhibit multiple stable equilibria and mangrove enrichment of grazing in mid-shelf reefs coincides with a zone of system instability. A small increase in grazing shifted the reef beyond a bifurcation point, thereby enhancing resilience massively. A relatively large increase in grazing in shallow reefs had minimal ecosystem consequence because the grazing levels concerned were more than double the levels needed to exceed the corresponding bifurcation point for this habitat.
Caribbean trophic dynamics and ecological resilience
Recent empirical studies have demonstrated that human activities such as fishing can strongly affect the natural capital and services provided by tropical seascapes. However, policies to mitigate anthropogenic impacts can also alter food web structure and interactions, regardless of whether the regulations are aimed at single or multiple species, with possible unexpected consequences for the ecosystems and their associated services. The grazing capacity of parrotfishes, for example, could be impaired if marine reserves achieve their long-term goal of restoring large consumers, several of which prey on parrotfishes. In a paper in Science (Pub. 15), we compared the negative impacts of enhanced predation with the positive impacts of reduced fishing mortality on parrotfishes inside Caribbean marine reserves. Because large-bodied parrotfishes escape the risk of predation from a large piscivore (the Nassau grouper), the predation effect reduced grazing by only 4 to 8%. This impact was overwhelmed by the increase in density of large parrotfishes, resulting in a net doubling of grazing. Increased grazing caused a fourfold reduction in the cover of macroalgae, which, because they are the principal competitors of corals, highlights the potential importance of marine reserves for coral reef resilience.
In a paper published in PNAS (Pub. 18), we show that the impacts of marine reserves extend beyond trophic cascades that were found in Mumby et al. (Pub. 15) and enhance the process of coral recruitment. Increased fish grazing, primarily driven by reduced fishing, was strongly negatively correlated with macroalgal cover and resulted in a 2-fold increase in the density of coral recruits within a Bahamian reef system. Grazing appears to influence the density and community structure of coral recruits, but no detectable influence was found on the overall size-frequency distribution, community structure, or cover of corals. We interpreted this absence of pattern in the adult coral community as symptomatic of the impact of a recent disturbance event that masks the recovery trajectories of individual reefs.
Our paper in Science (Pub. 15) illustrated complex community response to a marine reserve. In particular, we found that contrary to predictions from linear food chain models, a reduction in fishing intensity through the establishment of a marine reserve led to greater biomass of herbivorous fish inside the reserve, despite an increased abundance of large predatory piscivores. This positive multi-trophic response, where both predators and prey benefit from protection, highlights the need to take an integrated approach which considers how numerous factors control species coexistence in both fished and unfished systems.
In order to understand these complex relationships, we develop in a forthcoming Ecological Applications article (Pub. 10) a general model to examine the tradeoffs between fishing pressure and trophic control on reef fish communities, including an exploration of topdown and bottom-up effects. The general model predictions are validated by parameterizing the model for a reef system in the Bahamas in order to tease apart the wide range of species responses to reserves in the Caribbean. Combining the development of general theory and site-specific models parameterized with field data reveals the underlying driving forces in these communities and enables us to make better predictions about possible population and community responses to different management schemes.
Based on our findings (Pub. 10, 15, 18) , we can conclude that while marine reserves are not a panacea for conservation, they can facilitate the recovery of corals from disturbance and may help sustain the biodiversity of organisms that depend on a complex three-dimensional coral habitat.
Analysis of management options for coral-reef ecosystem services
With respect to management options, we made contributions in understanding the socioeconomic and ecological implications of managing for the sustainable provision of habitat ecosystem services (Pub. 20, 27, R.4), marine reserves (Pub. 2, 3, 26, 29), optimal management of a metapopulation (Pub. 28, 30), and ecosystem based management of a three species coral-reef food web (Pub. R.3). In what follows, we summarize our contributions with respect to habitat ecosystem services, marine reserves, and ecosystem-based management of coral-reef food webs.
Ecosystem services
Habitats and the ecosystem services they provide are part of the world's portfolio of natural capital assets. Like many components of this portfolio, it is difficult to assess the full economic value of these services, which tends to over-emphasize the value of extractive activities such as coastal development.
Building on output from our grant that advanced the understanding of fishery-habitat linkages in mangroves, seagrass, and coral reefs ecosystems (Pub. 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20), a series of follow-on papers contribute to the economic-ecological science for valuing multiple types of fish habitats as natural capital. Overall, our bioeconomic modeling framework illuminates the mechanisms through which multiple types of habitats impact the population dynamics of fish and how key ecological and economic variables inform decisions on how to value and conserve habitats.
The bioeconomic model used in Sanchirico and Mumby (Pub. 27) is illustrated in Fig. 2. Using the model, Sanchirico and Mumby show how key ecological variables and processes, including obligate and facultative behaviors map into habitat values and how the valuation of these ecological processes can inform decisions regarding coastal development (habitat clearing). For example, the demand and supply curves for mangrove habitat are derived in the paper, where the supply curve represents the cost of converting the habitat in terms of forgone fishing profits.
The intersection of the demand and supply curve would represent a potential equilibrium level of clearing of habitat, and it depends on the type of species-habitat association (obligate or facultative).
The stylized modeling framework in Sanchirico and Mumby (Pub. 27) provides a clear and concise road map for researchers interested in understanding how to make the link between ecosystem function, ecosystem service, and conservation policy decisions. Our findings also highlight the importance of additional ecological research into how species utilize habitats and that this research is not just important for ecological science, but it can and will influence ecosystem service values that, in turn, will impact coastal land-use decisions.
Fig. 2. Species-habitat fishery linkages.
Source: Pub. 27.
While Sanchirico and Mumby (Pub. 27) focused on valuing ecosystem services from mangroves solely in terms of fishery production, Sanchirico and Springborn (Pub. R4) introduce multiple ecosystem services, including coastal development, storm protection, and fishery production. Sanchirico and Springborn (Pub R.4) also extend Sanchirico and Mumby (Pub. 27) by building into the bioeconomic model the potential link between habitats and the growth rate and long-term carrying capacity of the reef fish population.
Sanchirico and Springborn (Pub. R.4) conclude that efficient payment for ecosystem service (PES) incentives for habitat conservation depend critically on the nature of the ecological and economic conditions where the services are provided and demanded. Generally, the additional dynamic incentives will need to be equal to the marginal benefit to the fishery. When private marginal in situ values (e.g. storm protection) exist and are internalized, the necessary additional PES payment to account for the value of mangroves in the fishing sector is reduced. The political-economy implication of this finding is that by including multiple ecosystem services, each stakeholder group that benefits from an ecosystem function with multiple services will likely have lower outlays relative to the situation where fewer services are considered, everything else being equal (at least in the case of synergistic ecosystem service provision).
Marine reserve design and implementation
Computational methods for marine reserve design are frequently used as decision-support tools for the identification of conservation areas. Most reserve-selection algorithms minimize the cost of the reserve system whilst aiming to meet specified biodiversity objectives. In Edwards et. al (Pub. 3), a widely-used selection algorithm, Marxan,is extended to incorporate several important considerations related to biodiversity processes and management. First, Edwards et al. relaxed the scorched earth assumption to allow conservation features in non-reserve zones to contribute explicitly to conservation objectives. This required generating conservation targets at landscape scales rather than focusing purely on the representation of features within reserves. Second, Edwards et al. use the example of ontogenetic migrations of fish from mangroves to coral reefs to illustrate how spatial dependencies not just spatial heterogeneity are important. Ontogenetic migrations are a good example, because it nicely demonstrates how spatial ecological processes generate predictable heterogeneity in habitat value that should be considered in the reserve design process. Lastly, Edwards et al. show how habitat value can be disaggregated into ecosystem processes and services. Consideration of the contribution of different protection zones, connectivity among habitats and more complex management goals resulted in up to a 52% increase in the mean biomass of commercially and ecologically-important fish species represented in the landscape. The paper strengthens the ecological basis of reserve-design algorithms and can potentially facilitate the uptake of ecosystem-based management into reserve design.
While improving reserve selection algorithms illustrates the potential contributions of different ecological and economic processes to different designs (Pub. 3, 26), it is also critical to understand the perspectives of coastal communities on marine reserves in the development and implementation of current and future management plans. For managers thinking about how to take into account local perspectives at the start of a regulatory decision-making process, results of the study from the five Bahamas settlements reveal that some populations may be more likely than others to embrace a marine reserve in their local waters (Pub. 2). In the Bahamas, this population of affected stakeholders includes the wider community and not just commercial fishers. In particular, results show that females, fishing households, and older residents are candidate target groups for increasing dialogue concerning marine resource management. Results also point to coupling economic growth policies with reserve creation, as a means to increase current incomes. And, if these development policies focus on increasing tourism infrastructure, then the results show that these policies are likely to lead to greater acceptance of marine reserves in the future as communities become more reliant on tourism.
A clear message from the study sample is the inherent complexity and diversity of factors that can explain perspectives and can lead to local community members' acceptance or rejection of management efforts. Since universal rules are not features of the ecological domain, where research has continually pointed to the nuances of trophic dynamics and dependencies on local conditions and scales (see e.g., Pub. 15), the fact that the human dimension of this problem exhibits the same characteristics should not be surprising to conservation planners.
Ecosystem-based management of Coral Reef food-web
A consensus in marine science and policy is developing on the need to transform fisheries management to a more holistic approach that encompasses both multiple species and multiple values. Remaining questions, however, include the incremental benefits of adopting an EBFM approach relative to other management approaches. Therefore, Kellner et al. (Pub R.3) evaluate a range of options along a continuum from no management to optimal management of multiple species with consumptive and non-consumptive values. We couple the food-web model developed in Kellner et al (Pub. 10) with an economic model of a manager who is optimally managing for each species or some combination of multiple species. Following the long tradition in bioeconomic research, Kellner et al (Pub. R.3) assume that the goal of the manager is to maximize the economic returns from the species, which can include both consumptive (extractive) and non-consumptive values. This assumption provides a normative basis from which to compare the different management scenarios. Kellner et al (Pub. R.3) also explore the sensitivity of gains from EBFM to trophic coupling (e.g., attack rates and prey availability) and fishing costs.
The novelty of Kellner et al (Pub. R.3) is the simultaneous incorporation of dynamic effort optimization, discounting, non-consumptive values, and biological interactions for a three species food web to produce quantitative assessments of EBFM. This study extends the bioeconomics literature in a number of important directions using a system where we have knowledge to make meaningful comparisons. First, unlike previous studies that provide little or no calibration to empirical data, a parameterized model for coral reef ecosystems is utilized that provides insights into both qualitative patterns and quantitative differences between the variants of EBFM. Second, a much broader range of governance and management options is considered that provides insights into the potential gains from moving along the management continuum. Third, within the bioeconomic framework, the scope of values is broadened to include non-consumptive values. Finally, a food web that includes a generalist predator, an element that is common to most marine trophic systems yet often omitted from bioeconomic analyses is considered.
Using the bioeconomic framework, Kellner et. al. (Pub. R.3) find that the approach to the steady state varies depending upon management objectives. When predator populations have a per unit non-consumptive value around 40% of their price, temporary moratoriums on their harvesting are the optimal strategy for the recovery of their populations. Furthermore, by explicitly including non-consumptive values into our management scenarios, stock levels close to unexploited levels are achievable and may even be surpassed while still gaining yield from the multispecies fishery. Undoubtedly, prioritization of conserving particular species will influence management decisions, and in doing so, species-specific temporary or permanent harvesting moratoriums may emerge as the optimal (economic) management strategy.
Undoubtedly, the debate about the simultaneous and intertwined benefits, conflicts, and selectivity of marine reserves and EBFM will continue. Kellner et. al. (Pub. R.3), however, took a step back from this debate and asked more generally about the objectives and measurable benefits from moving along the continuum from no management to food web management in one consistent framework. By using a model calibrated to empirical data, we were able to compare the conservation and economic trade-offs across multiple management scenarios. In this system, moving from single- to multispecies management generally resulted in small changes (<5%) in effort levels and standing stock, while including non-consumptive values led to much more substantial shifts both in the short- and long-run. In general, the lack of sensitivity in the results across the different scenarios is surprising, especially given the enthusiasm for EBFM. Given that many marine food webs include generalist predators in the higher trophic levels, the generality of these results should be further explored in other study systems. A further implication of our findings is that marine reserves are likely not the most rapid means of meeting societal goals for all species, and may actually slow the recovery of prey species compared to fisheries that are optimally managed through effort control.
Outreach
The outreach activities of the grant include presentations at academic conferences, government agencies, stakeholder forums in the Bahamas, publications in non-peer reviewed outlets for non-academic audiences, booklets, videos, and web pages. We list in this section our presentations and non-peer reviewed articles.
Post-doctoral and graduate student support
Julie Kellner, Post-doc, Dept. Environmental Science and Policy, March 2005-August 2009.
Julie B. Blackwood, Graduate Student Researcher, Dept. Environmental Science and Policy,
March 2009-June 2009.
Helen Edwards, Post-doc, Marine Spatial Laboratory, Exeter University, 2004-2006.
Conrad Coleman, Research Assistant, Resources for the Future, 2006-2007.
References:
[1] M.L. Baskett, F. Micheli, and S.A. Levin, Designing marine reserves for interacting species: Insights from theory. Biological Conservation 2007;137:163-179.
[2] K. Broad, and J.N. Sanchirico, Local perspectives on marine reserve creation in the Bahamas. Ocean & Coastal Management 2008;51:763-771.
[3] H.J. Edwards, I.A. Elliott, R.L. Pressey, and P.J. Mumby, Incorporating ontogenetic dispersal, ecological processes and conservation zoning into reserve design. Biological Conservation 2010;143:457-470.
[4] B.S. Halpern, S.E. Lester, and J.B. Kellner, Spillover from Marine Reserves and the Replenishment of Fished Stocks. Environmental Conservation (In press).
[5] A.R. Harborne, P.J. Mumby, F. Micheli, C.T. Perry, C.P. Dahlgren, et al. The functional value of Caribbean coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitats to ecosystem processes. Advances in Marine Biology 2006;50:57-189.
[6] A.R. Harborne, P.J. Mumby, C.V. Kappel, C.P. Dahlgren, F. Micheli, et al. Tropical coastal habitats as surrogates of fish community structure, grazing, and fisheries value. Ecological Applications 2008;18:1689-1701.
[7] A.R. Harborne, P.J. Mumby, C.V. Kappel, C.P. Dahlgren, F. Micheli, et al., Reserve effects and natural variation in coral reef communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 2008;45:1010-1018.
[8] R. Hilborn, F. Micheli, and G.A. De Leo, Integrating marine protected areas with catch regulation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2006;63:642-649.
[9] O. Hoegh-Guldberg, P.J. Mumby, A.J. Hooten, R.S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, et al., Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 2007;318:1737-1742.
[10] J.B. Kellner, S.Y. Litvin, A. Hastings, P.J. Mumby, and F. Micheli, Disentangling Trophic Interactions inside a Caribbean Marine Reserve. Ecological Applications (In press).
[11] F. Micheli, M.J. Bishop, C.H. Peterson, and J. Rivera, Alteration of seagrass species composition and function over two decades. Ecological Monographs 2008;78:225-244.
[12] P.J. Mumby, A.J. Edwards, J.E. Arias-Gonzalez, K.C. Lindeman, P.G. Blackwell, et al., Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature 2004;427:533-536.
[13] P.J. Mumby, The impact of exploiting grazers (scaridae) on the dynamics of Caribbean coral reefs. Ecological Applications 2006;16:747-769.
[14] P.J. Mumby, Connectivity of reef fish between mangroves and coral reefs: Algorithms for the design of marine reserves at seascape scales. Biological Conservation 2006;128:215-222.
[15] P.J. Mumby, C.P. Dahlgren, A.R. Harborne, C.V. Kappel, F. Micheli, et al., Fishing, trophic cascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs. Science 2006;311:98-101.
[16] P.J. Mumby, J.D. Hedley, K. Zychaluk, A.R. Harborne, and P.G. Blackwell, Revisiting the catastrophic die-off of the urchin Diadema antillarum on Caribbean coral reefs: Fresh insights on resilience from a simulation model. Ecological Modelling 2006;196:131-148.
[17] P.J. Mumby, F. Micheli, C.P. Dahlgren, S.Y. Litvin, A.B. Gill, et al., Marine parks need sharks? Response. Science 2006;312:527-528.
[18] P.J. Mumby, A.R. Harborne, J. Williams, C.V. Kappel, D.R. Brumbaugh, et al., Trophic cascade facilitates coral recruitment in a marine reserve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007;104:8362-8367.
[19] P.J. Mumby, A. Hastings, and H.J. Edwards, Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. Nature 2007;450:98-101.
[20] P.J. Mumby, K. Broad, D.R. Brumbaugh, C.P. Dahlgren, A.R. Harborne, et al., Coral reef habitats as surrogates of species, ecological functions, and ecosystem services. Conservation Biology 2008;22:941-951.
[21] P.J. Mumby, and A. Hastings, The impact of ecosystem connectivity on coral reef resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology 2008;45:854-862.
[22] P.J. Mumby, and R.S. Steneck, Coral reef management and conservation in light of rapidly evolving ecological paradigms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2008;23:555-563.
[23] P.J. Mumby, Herbivory versus corallivory: are parrotfish good or bad for Caribbean coral reefs? Coral Reefs 2009;28:683-690.
[24] P.J. Mumby, Phase shifts and the stability of macroalgal communities on Caribbean coral reefs. Coral Reefs 2009;28:761-773.
[25] P.J. Mumby, and A.R. Harborne, Marine Reserves Enhance the Recovery of Corals on Caribbean Reefs. Plos One 2010;5.
[26] J.N. Sanchirico, U. Malvadkar, A. Hastings, and J.E. Wilen, When are no-take zones an economically optimal fishery management strategy? Ecological Applications 2006;16:1643-1659.
Journal Articles on this Report : 25 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
| Other project views: | All 75 publications | 38 publications in selected types | All 38 journal articles |
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Blackwood JC, Hastings A, Mumby PJ. The effect of fishing on hysteresis in Caribbean coral reefs.Theoretical Ecology 2012;5(1):105-114. |
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Broad K, Sanchirico JN. Local perspectives on marine reserve creation in the Bahamas. Ocean & Coastal Management 2008;51(11):763-771. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Edwards HJ, Elliott IA, Pressey RL, Mumby PJ. Incorporating ontogenetic dispersal, ecological processes and conservation zoning into reserve design. Biological Conservation 2010;143(2):457-470. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Halpern BS, Lester SE, Kellner JB. Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks. Environmental Conservation 2009;36(4):268-276. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Harborne AR, Mumby PJ, Kappel CV, Dahlgren CP, Micheli F, Holmes KE, Sanchirico JN, Broad K, Elliott IA, Brumbaugh DR. Reserve effects and natural variation in coral reef communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 2008;45(4):1010-1018. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Harborne AR, Mumby PJ, Kappel CV, Dahlgren CP, Micheli F, Holmes KE, Brumbaugh DR. Tropical coastal habitats as surrogates of fish community structure, grazing, and fisheries value. Ecological Applications 2008;18(7):1689-1701. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, Steneck RS, Greenfield P, Gomez E, Harvell CD, Sale PF, Edwards AJ, Caldeira K, Knowlton N, Eakin CM, Iglesias-Prieto R, Muthiga N, Bradbury RH, Dubi A, Hatziolos ME. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 2007;318(5857):1737-1742. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Kellner JB, Litvin SY, Hastings A, Micheli F, Mumby PJ. Disentangling trophic interactions inside a Caribbean marine reserve. Ecological Applications 2010;20(7):1979-1992. |
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Kellner JB, Sanchirico JN, Hastings A, Mumby PJ. Optimizing for multiple species and multiple values:tradeoffs inherent in ecosystem-based fisheries management. Conservation Letters 2011;4(1):21-30. |
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Micheli F, Bishop MJ, Peterson CH, Rivera J. Alteration of seagrass species composition and function over two decades. Ecological Monographs 2008;78(2):225-244. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Mumby PJ, Edwards AJ, Arias-Gonzalez JE, Lindeman KC, Blackwell PG, Gall A, Gorczynska MI, Harborne AR, Pescod CL, Renken H, Wabnitz CCC, Llewellyn G. Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature 2004;427(6974):533-536. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Mumby PJ, Hastings A, Edwards HJ. Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. Nature 2007;450(7166):98-101. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Mumby PJ, Broad K, Brumbaugh DR, Dahlgren CP, Harborne AR, Hastings A, Holmes KE, Kappel CV, Micheli F, Sanchirico JN. Coral reef habitats as surrogates of species, ecological functions, and ecosystem services. Conservation Biology 2008;22(4):941-951. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Mumby PJ, Hastings A. The impact of ecosystem connectivity on coral reef resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology 2008;45(3):854-862. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Mumby PJ, Steneck RS. Coral reef management and conservation in light of rapidly evolving ecological paradigms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2008;23(10):555-563. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Mumby PJ. Herbivory versus corallivory: are parrotfish good or bad for Caribbean coral reefs? Coral Reefs 2009;28(3):683-690. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Mumby PJ. Phase shifts and the stability of macroalgal communities on Caribbean coral reefs. Coral Reefs 2009;28(3):761-773. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Mumby PJ, Harborne AR. Marine reserves enhance the recovery of corals on Caribbean reefs. PloS One 2010;5(1):e8657. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Sanchirico JN, Malvadkar U, Hastings A, Wilen JE. When are no-take zones an economically optimal fishery management strategy? Ecological Applications 2006;16(5):1643-1659. |
R832223 (Final) |
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Sanchirico JN, Mumby P. Mapping ecosystem functions to the valuation of ecosystem services: implications of species–habitat associations for coastal land-use decisions. Theoretical Ecology 2009;2(2):67-77. |
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Sanchirico JN, Wilen JE, Coleman C. Optimal rebuilding of a metapopulation. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 2010;92(4):1087-1102. |
R832223 (Final) |
Exit |
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Sanchirico JN, Springborn M. How to get there from here: ecological and economic dynamics of ecosystem service provision. Environmental and Resource Economics 2011;48(2):243-267. |
R832223 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
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Smith MD, Sanchirico JN, Wilen JE. The economics of spatial-dynamic processes: applications to renewable resources. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2009;57(1):104-121. |
R832223 (Final) |
Exit Exit Exit |
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Smith MD, Lynham J, Sanchirico JN, Wilson JA. Political economy of marine reserves: understanding the role of opportunity costs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010;107(43):18300-18305. |
R832223 (Final) |
Exit Exit Exit |
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Tittensor DP, Micheli F, Nystrom M, Worm B. Human impacts on the species–area relationship in reef fish assemblages. Ecology Letters 2007;10(9):760-772. |
R832223 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
Supplemental Keywords:
marine, estuary, ecological effects, ecosystem, susceptibility, aquatic, integrated assessment, sustainable development, habitat, organism, environmental assets, conservation, public policy, decision making, social science, ecology, biology, mathematics, modeling, analytical, landsat, remote sensing, EPA region 2., RFA, Scientific Discipline, Air, Ecosystem Protection/Environmental Exposure & Risk, Aquatic Ecosystems & Estuarine Research, climate change, Air Pollution Effects, Chemistry, Monitoring/Modeling, Aquatic Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Ecological Risk Assessment, Atmosphere, environmental measurement, meteorology, climatic influence, global ciruclation model, coral reefs, global change, climate, tidal marsh, socioeconomics, climate models, ecosystem indicators, aquatic ecosystems, environmental stress, coastal ecosystems, global climate models, coral reef communities, ecological models, climate model, ecosystem stress, sea level rise, Global Climate Change, atmospheric chemistry, climate variabilityRelevant Websites:
Peter Mumby’s Coral Reef Video web site: http://www.reefvid.org
NSF Bahamas Biocomplexity project web site: http://bbp.amnh.org/website/home.html
NCORE’s (National Center for Coral Reef Research) Bahamas GIS map collection that is part of the NSF project: http://crem.rsmas.miami.edu/GIS/Bahamas/
James N. Sanchirico’s Lab: http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Sanchirico/Index.htm
Fiorenza Micheli’s lab: http://micheli.stanford.edu/index.php
Progress and Final Reports:
Original AbstractThe perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Conclusions drawn by the principal investigators have not been reviewed by the Agency.