Grantee Research Project Results
Final Report: Measurement, Modeling and Analysis Methods for Airborne Carbonaceous Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
EPA Grant Number: R831086Title: Measurement, Modeling and Analysis Methods for Airborne Carbonaceous Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Investigators: Chow, Judith C. , Chen, Lung-Wen Antony , Watson, John L. , Arnott, William P. , Barber, Peter W. , Paredes-Miranda, Guadalupe , Moosmuller, Hans
Institution: Desert Research Institute
EPA Project Officer: Chung, Serena
Project Period: September 1, 2003 through August 31, 2006 (Extended to August 31, 2008)
Project Amount: $449,456
RFA: Measurement, Modeling, and Analysis Methods for Airborne Carbonaceous Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) (2003) RFA Text | Recipients Lists
Research Category: Air , Air Quality and Air Toxics , Particulate Matter
Objective:
The overall objectives for this project are to:
- reconcile different thermal/optical methods by determining factors that influence organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) measurement;
- specify how optical properties differ and change between particles in the air, particles on a filter, and particles undergoing changes owing to thermal analysis;
- quantify differences in thermal carbon fractions determined by commonly used thermal and optical analysis methods; and 4) optimize thermal and optical monitoring methods to meet multiple needs of health, visibility, global climate, and source apportionment.
Summary/Accomplishments (Outputs/Outcomes):
This project was carried out over a 5-year period via the following tasks: 1) compilation and review of fundamental OC, EC, and carbonate carbon (CC) properties; 2) modelling of optical properties of particles in the air and on a filter; 3) comparing methods for Fresno Supersite samples; and 4) creation and analysis of filter-based carbon standards. Findings and accomplishments for each of the four tasks are summarized and resulting publications are highlighted below.
- Compilation and review of fundamental OC, EC, and CC properties
- Bibliographies for fundamental OC, EC, and CC properties were assembled. The vaporization temperatures of major carbonaceous species in the atmosphere have been surveyed and tabulated.
- The division of OC, EC, and total carbon (TC) was found to be method-dependent. Many detailed specifications of thermal analysis, particularly the temperature plateau, analysis/residence time per temperature plateau, and analysis atmosphere, are unreported in the literature. Nineteen different OC and EC thermal/optical analysis protocols and forty-two carbon intercomparison studies that were published between 1981 and 2003 were reviewed and summarized in Watson, et al. (2005). Intercomparisons among different carbon measurements were carried out in several national and international research campaigns (e.g., Countess, 1990; Birch, 1998; Schmid, et al., 2001; Currie, et al., 2002). Filter EC measurements were compared to black carbon (BC) determined from optical methods, including integrating plate (e.g., Sadler, et al., 1981; Bennett, Jr. and Patty, 1982), integrating sphere (e.g., Hitzenberger, et al., 1996; 1999), aethalometer (e.g., Hansen and McMurry, 1990; Petzold and Niessner, 1995; Sharma, et al., 2002), particle-soot absorption photometer (PSAP; Reid, et al., 1998), multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP; Petzold, et al., 2003; Petzold and Schönlinner, 2004), and photoacoustic instruments (e.g., Adams, et al., 1989; Moosmüller, et al., 1998; 2001).
- Carbonaceous aerosol components that can be determined by thermal desorption methods were reviewed and evaluated by Chow, et al. (2007a). Thermal/optical carbon analysis provides measurements of OC and EC concentrations as well as fractions evolving at specific temperatures in ambient and source aerosols. Detection of thermally desorbed organic compounds with thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) identifies and quantifies over 100 individual organic compounds in particulate matter (PM) samples. Recent advances in thermal methods applied to determine aerosol organic carbon compositions are summarized and their potential for uncovering aerosol chemistry are evaluated. The review by Chow, et al. (2007a) also includes limitations and future research needs of the thermal methods.
- Brown carbon, the light-absorbing OC fraction often found in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and biomass burning particles, is closely affiliated with Humic-Like Substances (HULIS), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and/or so-called “messy carbon” in several studies (e.g., Martins, et al., 1998; Kirchstetter, et al., 2008; Gelencser, et al., 2003; Posfai, et al., 2004; Tabazadeh, 2005; Hand, et al., 2005; Andreae and Gelencser, 2006; Bond and Bergstrom, 2006; Chakrabarty, et al., 2006; Chen, et al., 2006; Dinar, et al., 2006; Graber and Rudich, 2006; Hoffer, et al., 2006a; 2006b; Subramanian, et al., 2007b; Emmenegger, et al., 2007; Bergstrom, et al., 2007; Polidori, et al., 2008; Reisinger, et al., 2008; Schmidl, et al., 2008). Brown carbon may have important implications for thermal/optical analysis. First, WSOC is suggested to be the origin of charring, which is the main cause of the difference in the OC/EC split made by the reflectance and transmittance correction. Second, since brown carbon is light-absorbing, it may influence the optical correction directly if its abundance overwhelms EC.
- To improve the control over thermal/optical analytical conditions, the project team developed a procedure to calibrate the sample temperature against the thermocouple (measured) temperature using melting-point standards (Chow, et al., 2005). This procedure includes the fabrication of standards, measurement, and data analysis. It has been in the DRI carbon analysis standard operational procedure (SOP) since 2005, reducing the temperature uncertainty down to < 1% over a wide range. A new thermal/optical carbon analysis protocol, IMPROVE_A, has been developed (Chow, et al., 2007b) and applied to samples acquired from the long-term IMPROVE and Speciation Trend Network/Chemical Speciation Networks (STN/CSN). A procedure for monitoring oxygen contamination in the purge stream using GC/MS was also developed and implemented into the SOP to ensure an inert atmosphere when required by the IMPROVE_A protocol (Chow, et al., 2007b).
- Adsorption of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) on quartz-fiber filters during collection of PM2.5 and PM10 samples for thermal/optical carbon analysis results in artifacts that complicate quantifications of both OC and EC. Various approaches (e.g., passive field blanks, backup [secondary] filters, denuder, and regression methods) have been used by IMPROVE and other ambient monitoring networks tocompensate for the artifacts. They are examined and compared using archived 2005 – 2006 databases and additional laboratory analysis. A draft paper summarizing the assessment of OC artifacts has been submitted (Chow, et al., 2008a).
- 959 field blanks acquired at 181 IMPROVE sites during 2005 and 2006 yield an average positive OC artifact of 8.4 ± 1.6 µg/filter (2.4 ± 0.45 µg/cm2). For 1,406 quartz-fiber backups behind quartz-fiber front filters (QBQ) at six non-urban locations, the average positive OC artifact was 10.0 ± 5.0 µg/filter. Average IMPROVE QBQ filter values were up to 19% higher than field blanks (bQF). The difference is within the standard deviation of the average, and they could be used interchangeably to adjust for the positive OC artifact in the non-urban IMPROVE sites.
- The STN/CSN and Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) networks have been using different sampling configurations from IMPROVE. For field blanks, only the IMPROVE network provides a long enough passive exposure period (~ 7 days). Based on both the network averages and collocated-site studies, IMPROVE field blank TC (or OC) is generally in the range of 2.0 – 2.5 µg/cm2, while STN/CSN and SEARCH field blanks are below or close to 1 µg/cm2. STN/CSN and SEARCH field blanks could underrepresent the positive OC artifact.
- Sectioning and analyzing backup filters from top to bottom demonstrates non-uniform areal densities of OC through the filter, refuting the assumption that VOC and SVOC adsorption on the backup filter always equals that on the front filter. This non-uniformity may be partially explained by negative OC artifacts resulting from particulate organic compound evaporation/recapture during active sampling. The OC-PM2.5 regression analysis and organic denuder approach confirm substantial negative sampling artifacts from both Teflon-membrane and quartz-fiber filters.
- Modeling of optical properties of particles in the air and on a filter
- Visual examination of filter darkening at different temperature plateaus during thermal/optical analysis shows that much of the substantial charring takes place within the filter, possibly due to adsorbed organic vapors or diffusion of vaporized particles. Analysis with reflectance pyrolysis correction (i.e., thermal/optical reflectance or TOR) yields equivalent OC/EC splits for widely divergent temperature protocols (Chow, et al., 2004). EC determined by simultaneous thermal/optical transmittance (TOT) corrections is lower than TOR and varies appreciably between different protocols. The apparent absorption efficiency (calculated from filter transmittance) of pyrolyzed (charred) organic carbon (POC) is found to be much higher than that of EC (50 m2/g vs. 20 m2/g). Small amounts of POC therefore dominate the incremental absorbance during thermal/optical analysis.
- A radiative transfer (RT) model that considers absorption, scattering, and distribution of light-absorbing EC particles collected on a quartz-fiber filter was developed to explain simultaneous filter reflectance and transmittance observations prior to and during thermal/optical analysis (Chen, et al., 2004). This model is solved using Monte Carlo simulation that describes local rules for photon propagation between sites of photon-medium interaction. The simulation supports a uniform distribution of POC throughout the filter during thermal/optical analysis. When heated in oxygen, some EC evolves earlier than POC, thus preventing an unambiguous optical correction to quantify OC and EC, especially when the POC/EC ratio is large. The model suggests that a proper charring correction (for OC/EC split) should be made with absorption, rather than reflectance or transmittance measurement. It also demonstrates that modern filter-based absorption measurement techniques, such as the aethalometer and MAAP, do not fully address the multiple scattering and shadowing effect within the filter.
- An extended Mie scattering model that addresses the influence of particle size and EC fraction on aerosol optical properties (e.g., extinction efficiency and single scattering albedo) was developed (Chen, et al., 2006). The model was first applied to the continuous (averaging time of 10 s) mass and optical measurements of smoke particles from burning of common wildland fuels to retrieve the EC content in the combustion aerosol. It indicates a mass absorption efficiency of 6.3 m2/g EC for kerosene soot with 100% EC, but ~9.2 m2/g EC for ponderosa pine wood smoke where EC is estimated at 66% of the particulate mass. EC absorbs light more efficiently as its fraction in the particle decreases; this non-uniformity may cause substantial biases for EC retrieval using time-averaged optical measurements.
- Smoldering particles examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows a nearly spherical shape. Additionally, electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) verifies the carbonaceous nature of the particles (carbon and oxygen were the primary constituents). The complex index of refraction of the particles is derived from Mie calculations based on particle size, scattering, and absorption measurements (Chakrabarty, et al., 2008). The near-spherical shape of the particles justifies the use of Mie theory. On average, the complex index of refraction of the particles was found to range from 1.72 − 0.008i to 1.75 − 0.002i (532 nm).
- Method comparisons for Fresno Supersite samples
- Results from six continuous and semi-continuous BC and EC measurement methods were compared for ambient samples from December 2003 through November 2004 at the Fresno Supersite, CA, USA (Park, et al., 2006). Instruments included: 1) MAAP (λ=670 nm); 2) dual-wavelength aethalometer; 3) seven-wavelength aethalometer; 4) Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Analysis Field Instrument; 5) photoacoustic light absorption spectrometer (λ=1047 nm); and 6) the R&P 5400 thermal analyzer. Twenty-four hour integrated filter samples also were acquired and analyzed by the IMPROVE thermal/optical carbon analysis protocol. Site-specific mass absorption efficiencies were estimated by comparing light absorption from the photoacoustic, MAAP, and 880 nm aethalometer readings with IMPROVE EC concentrations, yielding 2.3, 5.5, and 10 m2/g, respectively. These differ from the default efficiencies normally applied. Ratios of light absorption at 370 nm to those at 880 nm from the aethalometer were nearly twice as high in winter as compared to summer, consistent with substantial contributions from wintertime residential wood combustion (RWC), which is believed to absorb more light of shorter wavelengths.
- Additional summer and winter intensive observing periods (IOPs) were carried out at the Fresno Supersite during 2005 to: 1) acquire filter samples representing typical urban atmospheres, in contrast to standard samples from the aerosol generator; and 2) intercompare the continuous and integrated light absorption (babs) and EC measurements. A total of 18 and 25 samples collected by Hi-Vol and Federal Reference Method (FRM) RAAS samplers, respectively, during the summer IOP, and a total of 14 filters acquired by Hi-Vol and RAAS (7 and 7, respectively) during the winter IOP, were analyzed by the IMPROVE_A and STN protocols, and a subset of the Hi-Vol samples (eight during summer and seven during winter) were analyzed by the French two-step protocol. Continuous babs was acquired by two aethalometers, a PSAP (summer only), a MAAP, and photoacoustic sensors at 532 nm (summer only) and at 1047 nm. A draft paper reporting the findings of these comparisons has been submitted (Chow, et al., 2008b).
- Using the IMPROVE_A protocol (Chow, et al., 2007b), the EC/TC ratios at the Fresno Supersite were 0.22 ± 0.04 and 0.26 ± 0.05 for the summer and winter IOPs, respectively. The EC/TC ratio and carbon fractions during winter were all close to those in wood smoke. High temperature OC3 (480 °C, 24%) and low temperature EC1 (580 °C, 31%) were the dominant carbon fractions at Fresno during the winter IOP. This also is consistent with the influence of RWC. In summer, however, the percentage of high temperature EC2 (at 740 °C) in TC (12%) was higher than in winter (8%), consistent with a larger contribution from diesel vehicles. The STN_TOT and French two-step protocols showed lower EC/TC ratios (13 to 17% during summer, 52 to 63% during winter) compared to the IMPROVE_A_TOR protocol. The IMPROVE_A_TOR EC was within 20% of AE and MAAP BC and Sunset thermal EC concentrations during summer, while the STN_TOT EC differed by more than 35% during both seasons.
- The value of the spectral absorption exponent, α, in the Angstrom Power Law, determined by the aethalometer during the summer IOP (0.95 ± 0.04) was 10% to 20% higher than that observed for diesel and acetylene flame soot (0.79 ± 0.09 to 0.86 ± 0.12), from both pure source aerosol and when mixed with sodium chloride (NaCl). This indicates that the summer aerosol at Fresno, while influenced by diesel emissions, might be mixed with aged or secondary aerosols. The α during the winter period (1.2 ± 0.11) was closer to that observed for emissions from wood combustion (1.2 ± 0.51). Despite the potential bias in the aethalometer, this study confirms a higher α for wood smoke than for diesel soot.
- Creation and analyis of filter-based carbon standards
- DRI developed an aerosol generation and collection system. The system generates carbon aerosols from various combustion sources, simulates atmospheric aging through a dilution sampling tunnel, and permits simultaneous continuous measurements and integrated sample collection. Combustion sources include 1) an Onan Cummins diesel generator; 2) acetylene flame; 3) an electric arc generator (PALAS GFG-1000 with graphite rods); and 4) wood smoke (white oak) from a wood-burning stove. Inorganic salts (e.g., sodium chloride [NaCl]) can be generated through a nebulizer and mixed with the combustion aerosol in the dilution tunnel. The setup is configured to produce variable, but reproducible, carbon loadings. This allows for the examination of thermochemical properties for the same source aerosol with different concentration levels, and for single aerosol types as well as mixtures.
- Samples of diesel exhaust (35 pure and 9 mixed with NaCl), acetylene flame (10 pure and 9 mixed with NaCl), electric arc (13 pure and 9 mixed with NaCl), and wood smoke (23 pure and 14 mixed with NaCl) on quartz-fiber filters have been aquired. ;NaCl was added to examine the catalytic effects of a mixed aerosol on light absorption (babs) and EC measurements. Three carbon black samples also were nebulized using a monomodal aerosol generator. Portions of the quartz-fiber filters were analyzed by three commonly used thermal evolution protocols: IMPROVE_A (TOR/TOT), STN_TOT, and the French two-step protocols. EC/TC ratios measured by thermal/optical methods showed consistency within each source type, as well as diversity between source types. The STN and French two-step protocols yielded an EC/TC ratio similar to (within ±5%) those of the IMPROVE_A protocol for diesel soot (EC/TC ~60%), acetylene flame soot (~96%), and electric arc soot (~50%). STN and French two-step protocols yielded lower EC (86% and 46%, respectively) in wood smoke compared to the IMPROVE_A protocol. The presence of NaCl caused EC to be released at lower temperatures, and was limited by the presence of oxygen (O2) and the charring correction. While it affects the abundance in the EC fractions, it does not affect the OC/EC split in the IMPROVE_A and STN protocols. The French two-step protocol that operates in pure O2, without optical charring corrections, reported 60 to 90% lower EC than IMPROVE_A for all 19 samples. When comparing the IMPROVE_A EC to photoacoustic (1047 nm) babs, the EC absorption efficiency (σabs at 1047 nm) varied by ~50% in the range of 2.7 to 5.3 m2/g among the different source types. Only the absorption efficiency of diesel soot is in good agreement (within ±15%) with the Mie theory and volumetric mixing. There appears to be no universal conversion factor that can be applied to convert babs to EC concentrations.
- In addition to NaCl, mineral oxides that coexist with carbonaceous material may decompose during heating, providing the oxygen necessary for EC combustion. This effect is examined systematically by analyzing various EC mineral oxides (e.g., ferric oxide [Fe2O3], titanium dioxide [TiO2], copper oxide [CuO], and manganese oxide [MnO2]) and mixtures of various ratios in an inert atmosphere. The activation energy (Ea) for the combustion of EC in contact with each mineral oxide is determined from the Arrhenius equation. The oxidation rate of EC becomes substantial as the temperature is higher than 800°C, implying a potential bias in the OC/EC split determined by thermal protocols that contain high temperature (>800° C) steps in an O2-free environment.
- For particles collected from smoldering combustion, a very high absorption exponent, α, was observed between wavelengths 405 nm and 532 nm. The high α values suggest the possibility of HULIS as the dominant aerosol component in the smoke particles. This inference is supported by the close similarities in the complex index of refraction of tar balls with HULIS (Hoffer, et al., 2006b). Its EC to total carbon (TC) ratio is nearly zero as determined by the CSN/STN protocol (below the detection limit of the measuring instrument). The EC/TC ratio is ~7 – 10% as determined by the IMPROVE_A protocol, and charring is at a similar level. This demonstrates that this type of material can cause diverse results for TOR and TOT methods, by producing within-filter char as suggested by Chow, et al. (2004) and Subramanian, et al. (2006; 2007a)).
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Posfai, M.; Gelencser, A.; Simonics, R.; Arato, K.; Li, J.; Hobbs, P.V.; Buseck, P.R. (2004). Atmospheric tar balls: Particles from biomass and biofuel burning. J. Geophys. Res. -Atmospheres, 109(D6): ISI:000220622900003.
Reid, J.S.; Hobbs, P.V.; Liousse, C.; Martins, J.V.; Weiss, R.E.; Eck, T.F. (1998). Comparisons of techniques for measuring shortwave absorption and black carbon content of aerosols from biomass burning in Brazil. J. Geophys. Res., 103(D24): 32031-32040.
Reisinger, P.; Wonaschutz, A.; Hitzenberger, R.; Petzold, A.; Bauer, H.; Jankowski, N.; Puxbaum, H.; Chi, X.; Maenhaut, W. (2008). Intercomparison of measurement techniques for black or elemental carbon under urban background conditions in wintertime: Influence of biomass combustion. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(3): 884-889.
Sadler, M.; Charlson, R.J.; Rosen, H.; Novakov, T. (1981). An intercomparison of the integrating plate and the laser transmission methods for determination of aerosol absorption coefficients. Atmos. Environ., 15(7): 1265-1268.
Schmid, H.P.; Laskus, L.; Abraham, H.J.; Baltensperger, U.; Lavanchy, V.M.H.; Bizjak, M.; Burba, P.; Cachier, H.; Crow, D.; Chow, J.C.; Gnauk, T.; Even, A.; ten Brink, H.M.; Giesen, K.P.; Hitzenberger, R.; Hueglin, C.; Maenhaut, W.; Pio, C.A.; Puttock, J.; Putaud, J.P.; Toom-Sauntry, D.; Puxbaum, H. (2001). Results of the "Carbon Conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test: Stage 1. Atmos. Environ., 35(12): 2111-2121.
Schmidl, C.; Marr, L.L.; Caseiro, A.; Kotianova, P.; Berner, A.; Bauer, H.; Kasper-Giebl, A.; Puxbaum, H. (2008). Chemical characterisation of fine particle emissions from wood stove combustion of common woods growing in mid-European Alpine regions. Atmos. Environ., 42(1): 126-141.
Sharma, S.; Brook, J.R.; Cachier, H.; Chow, J.; Gaudenzi, A.; Lu, G. (2002). Light absorption and thermal measurements of black carbon in different regions of Canada. J. Geophys. Res. -Atmospheres, 107(D24):
Subramanian, R.; Khlystov, A.Y.; Robinson, A.L. (2006). Effect of peak inert-mode temperature on elemental carbon measured using thermal-optical analysis. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40763-780.
Subramanian, R.; Boparai, P.; Chen, Y.; Bond, T.C. (2007a). Inferences about Atmospheric Organic Aerosol: Composition using Charring in Thermal-Optical Analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1-22.
Subramanian, R.; Roden, C.A.; Boparai, P.; Bond, T.C. (2007b). Yellow beads and missing particles: Trouble ahead for filter-based absorption measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41630-637.
Tabazadeh, A. (2005). Organic aggregate formation in aerosols and its impact on the physicochemical properties of atmospheric particles. Atmos. Environ., 39(30): 5472-5480. ISI:000232395400005.
Virkkula, A.; Ahlquist, N.C.; Covert, D.S.; Arnott, W.P.; Sheridan, P.J.; Quinn, P.K.; Coffman, D.J. (2005). Modification, calibration and a field test of an instrument for measuring light absorption by particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39(1): 68-83.
Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; Chen, L.-W.A. (2005). Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons. AAQR, 5(1): 65-102.
Journal Articles on this Report : 29 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
Other project views: | All 108 publications | 32 publications in selected types | All 29 journal articles |
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Arnott WP, Zielinska B, Rogers CF, Sagebiel J, Park K, Chow J, Moosmuller H, Watson JG, Kelly K, Wagner D, Sarofim A, Lighty J, Palmer G. Evaluation of 1047-nm photoacoustic instruments and photoelectric aerosol sensors in source-sampling of black carbon aerosol and particle-bound PAHs from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 2005;39(14):5398-5406. |
R831086 (2005) R831086 (Final) |
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Cao JJ, Lee SC, Ho KF, Zou SC, Fung K, Li Y, Watson JG, Chow JC. Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in Pearl River Delta Region, China. Atmospheric Environment 2004;38(27):4447-4456. |
R831086 (Final) |
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Cao JJ, Lee SC, Zhang XY, Chow JC, An ZS, Ho KF, Watson JG, Fung K, Wang YQ, Shen ZX. Characterization of airborne carbonate over a site near Asian dust source regions during spring 2002 and its climatic and environmental significance. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2005;110:D03203. |
R831086 (Final) |
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Cao JJ, Wu F, Chow JC, Lee SC, Li Y, Chen SW, An ZS, Fung KK, Watson JG, Zhu CS, Liu SX. Characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon during fall and winter of 2003 in Xi'an, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2005;5(11):3127-3137. |
R831086 (Final) |
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Chen LW, Watson JG, Chow JC, Magliano KL. Quantifying PM2.5 source contributions for the San Joaquin Valley with multivariate receptor models. Environmental Science & Technology 2007;41(8):2818-2826. |
R831086 (Final) R832156 (Final) |
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Chen LW, Moosmuller H, Arnott WP, Chow JC, Watson JG, Susott RA, Babbitt RE, Wold CE, Lincoln EN, Hao WM. Emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels:emission factors and source profiles. Environmental Science & Technology 2007;41(12):4317-4325. |
R831086 (Final) |
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Chen L-WA, Chow JC, Watson JG, Moosmuller H, Arnott WP. Modeling reflectance and transmittance of quartz-fiber filter samples containing elemental carbon particles: implications for thermal/optical analysis. Journal of Aerosol Science 2004;35(6):765-780. |
R831086 (2004) R831086 (Final) |
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Chen L-WA, Moosmuller H, Arnott WP, Chow JC, Watson JG, Susott RA, Babbitt RE, Wold CE, Lincoln EN, Hao WM. Particle emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels:in situ optical and mass measurements. Geophysical Research Letters 2006;33(4):L04803 (4 pp.). |
R831086 (2005) R831086 (2006) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Chen L-WA, Arnott WP, Moosmuller H, Fung K. Equivalence of elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance and transmittance with different temperature protocols. Environmental Science & Technology 2004;38(16):4414-4422. |
R831086 (2004) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Chen L-WA, Paredes-Miranda G, Chang M-CO, Trimble D, Fung KK, Zhang H, Yu JZ. Refining temperature measures in thermal/optical carbon analysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2005;5(11):2961-2972. |
R831086 (2005) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Louie PKK, Chen L-WA, Sin D. Comparison of PM2.5 carbon measurement methods in Hong Kong, China. Environmental Pollution 2005;137(2):334-344. |
R831086 (2005) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Park K, Lowenthal DH, Robinson NF, Park K, Magliano KA. Comparison of particle light scattering and fine particulate matter mass in central California. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2006;56(4):398-410. |
R831086 (2006) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Lowenthal DH, Chen L-WA, Magliano KL. Particulate carbon measurements in California's San Joaquin Valley. Chemosphere 2006;62(3):337-348. |
R831086 (2005) R831086 (2006) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Lowenthal DH, Chen LWA, Zielinska B, Mazzoleni LR, Magliano KL. Evaluation of organic markers for chemical mass balance source apportionment at the Fresno Supersite. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2007;7(7):1741-1754. |
R831086 (2006) R831086 (2007) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG. Review of measurement methods and compositions for ultrafine particles. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 2007;7(2):121-173. |
R831086 (2007) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC. Will the circle be unbroken: a history of the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards-Introduction to the 2007 critical review. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2007;57(6):650-651. |
R831086 (2007) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, , Watson JG, Feldman HJ, Nolen JE, Wallerstein B, Hidy GM, Lioy PJ, McKee H, Mobley D, Baugues K, Bachmann JD. Will the circle be unbroken:a history of the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 2007; 57(10):1151-1163. |
R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Chen L-WA, Chang MCO, Robinson NF, Trimble D, Kohl S. The IMPROVE_A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: maintaining consistency with a long-term database. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2007;57(9):1014-1023. |
R831086 (2007) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Yu JZ, Watson JG, Ho SSH, Bohannan TL, Hays MD, Fung KK. The application of thermal methods for determining chemical composition of carbonaceous aerosols:a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Health-Part A 2007;42(11):1521-1541. |
R831086 (2007) R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Chen L-WA, Rice J, Frank NH. Quantification of PM2.5 organic carbon sampling artifacts in US networks. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2010;10(12):5223-5239. |
R831086 (Final) |
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Robles J, Wang X, Chen LW, Trimble DL, Kohl SD, Tropp RJ, Fung KK. Quality assurance and quality control for thermal/optical analysis of aerosol samples for organic and elemental carbon. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2011;401(10):3141-3152. |
R831086 (Final) |
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El-Zanan HS, Lowenthal DH, Zielinska B, Chow JC, Kumar N. Determination of the organic aerosol mass to organic carbon ratio in IMPROVE samples. Chemosphere 2005;60(4):485-496. |
R831086 (2004) R831086 (2005) R831086 (Final) |
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Ho KF, Cao JJ, Lee SC, Kawamura K, Zhang RJ, Chow JC, Watson JG. Dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids, and dicarbonyls in the urban atmosphere of China. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2007;112(D22):D22S27 (12 pp.). |
R831086 (2007) R831086 (Final) |
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Ho SSH, Yu JZ, Chow JC, Zielinska B, Watson JG, Sit EHL, Schauer JJ. Evaluation of an in-injection port thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for analysis of non-polar organic compounds in ambient aerosol samples. Journal of Chromatography A 2008;1200(2):217-227. |
R831086 (Final) |
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Mauderly JL, Chow JC. Health effects of organic aerosols. Inhalation Toxicology 2008;20(3):257-288. |
R831086 (Final) CR831455 (Final) |
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Park K, Chow JC, Watson JG, Trimble DL, Doraiswamy P, Park K, Arnott WP, Stroud KR, Bowers K, Bode R, Petzold A, Hansen ADA. Comparison of continuous and filter-based carbon measurements at the Fresno Supersite. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2006;56(4):474-491. |
R831086 (2005) R831086 (2006) R831086 (Final) |
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Watson JG, Chow JC, Chen L-WA. Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 2005;5(1):65-102. |
R831086 (2005) R831086 (Final) |
Exit Exit |
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Watson JG, Chow JC, Lowenthal DH, Magliano KL. Estimating aerosol light scattering at the Fresno Supersite. Atmospheric Environment 2008;42(6):1186-1196. |
R831086 (Final) |
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Watson JG, Chow JC, Chen L-WA, Frank N. Methods to assess carbonaceous aerosol sampling artifacts for IMPROVE and other long-term networks. Air & Waste Management Association 2009;59(8):898-911. |
R831086 (Final) |
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Supplemental Keywords:
thermal/optical analysis, thermal protocols, optical monitoring methods, visibility, light-absorbing carbon, black carbon, brown carbon, elemental carbon, organic carbon, organic artifact, radiative forcing,, RFA, Scientific Discipline, PHYSICAL ASPECTS, Air, Ecosystem Protection/Environmental Exposure & Risk, particulate matter, Air Quality, air toxics, Environmental Chemistry, Monitoring/Modeling, Analytical Chemistry, Physical Processes, Engineering, Chemistry, & Physics, Environmental Engineering, carbon aerosols, air quality modeling, particle size, environmental monitoring, atmospheric particulate matter, atmospheric measurements, atmospheric dispersion models, particulate organic carbon, aerosol particles, atmospheric particles, mass spectrometry, analysis of organic particulate matter, chemical characteristics, PM 2.5, air modeling, air quality models, exposure, airborne particulate matter, air sampling, gas chromatography, thermal desorption, carbon particles, air quality model, emissions, particulate matter mass, ultrafine particulate matter, particle phase molecular markers, aersol particles, modeling studies, aerosol analyzers, measurement methods, exposure assessment, carbonaceous particulate matter, chemical speciation samplingRelevant Websites:
http://aaqr.org/ ExitProgress and Final Reports:
Original AbstractThe perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Conclusions drawn by the principal investigators have not been reviewed by the Agency.
Project Research Results
- 2007 Progress Report
- 2006 Progress Report
- 2005 Progress Report
- 2004 Progress Report
- Original Abstract
29 journal articles for this project