Grantee Research Project Results
Final Report: A Longitudinal Approach of Assessing Aggregate Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides in Children
EPA Grant Number: R829364Title: A Longitudinal Approach of Assessing Aggregate Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides in Children
Investigators: Lu, Chensheng (Alex) , Fenske, Richard
Institution: University of Washington
EPA Project Officer: Aja, Hayley
Project Period: September 1, 2001 through August 31, 2005
Project Amount: $1,246,407
RFA: Aggregate Exposure Assessment for Pesticides: Longitudinal Case Studies (2001) RFA Text | Recipients Lists
Research Category: Pesticides , Safer Chemicals , Human Health
Objective:
The Children Pesticide Exposure Study (CPES) was designed to characterize children’s (ages 3-11) longitudinal exposure to pesticides due to the variations of dietary consumption. Two of the innovative ideas in the CPES study design were the incorporation of an organic diet intervention and the use of urinary biomarkers for assessing dietary pesticide exposure quantitatively.
Summary/Accomplishments (Outputs/Outcomes):
In brief, CPES was initially conducted in Seattle, Washington (CPES-WA), and repeated in Atlanta, Georgia (CPES-GA) from 2006 to 2007. We initially enrolled 23 and 22 children, and 19 and 20 of them eventually completed all four-study seasons of CPES-WA and CPES-GA, respectively. Study participants were enrolled for 12 consecutive months, spanning four seasons. Each CPES child participated in a 15- and 12-consecutive-day sampling period in the summer and fall seasons, respectively, and a 7-consecutive-day sampling period in the winter and spring seasons. In the summer and fall sampling seasons, a 5-consecutive-day organic diet substitution protocol was incorporated into the study design. No organic diet substitution was made during the winter and spring seasons.
For each sampling day, we collected two time-matched urine samples, the first morning void and the last void before bedtime. In addition, we collected the 24-hr duplicate conventional food samples, reflecting the actual foods consumed by the children, and the daily dietary consumption data from each CPES child. In total, we have collected 1,757 and 1,707 urine samples from CPES-WA and CPES-GA, respectively. All of the 1,757 urine samples from CPES-WA have been analyzed and published, whereas the 1,707 urine samples from CPES-GA are being analyzed, as of April 2011, and will be completed by December 2011.
The analysis of urinary pesticide metabolites included malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidinol (IMPY), 3-chloro-4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin (CMHC), and 2-diethylamino-6-methyl pyrimidin-4-ol (DEAMY) for OPs, and 3-penoxybenzoic acid (3PBA), 4-fluoro-3-penoxybenzoic acid (FPBA), cis-2,2-(dichloro)-2-dimethylvinylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA), trans-2,2-(dichloro)-2-dimethylvinylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA), and cis-2,2-(dibromo)-2-dimethylvinylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DBCA) for pyrethorids. All urine samples had been measured for the specific gravity to account for the variations of urinary outputs, and the spot urine samples collected within the same day will be calculated to reflect the daily average concentration by normalizing the volume of each urine sample (daily-volume weighted average; DVWA).
We have collected daily dietary consumption data from each CPES child in the form of 24-hr food diaries, including breakfast, morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner and evening snack, for 15, 12, 7 and 7 consecutive days in summer, fall, winter and spring seasons, respectively. The diaries were collected from the families and reviewed daily by the research staff. Where information was missing or questionable, research staff attempted to contact the family that day for clarification. Individual food items were mapped to descriptive 8-digit NHANES food codes for facilitating data analysis.
This project was initially funded at the University of Washington in 2002, and then the Principal Investigator along with this research project was relocated to Emory University in 2004. There was a delay in research activity related to the transfer of this project to Emory University (August 2004 – August 2005).
This project has led to 13 peer-reviewed publications, and 6 of those were published in Environmental Health Perspectives (EPH), the premier journal in the field of environmental health. This project also has led to 13 presentations in the major international conferences in which the abstract was published. In addition, the data published from CPES so far have been used or cited by various scientists and under different occasions. There are also numerous online publications in relation to the CPES data.
Conclusions:
We anticipate continuing to publish the data from CPES when all CPES-GA are available from the analytical laboratory in Emory University. In addition, we will identify other innovated analytical methods to further analyze this rich dataset.
Journal Articles on this Report : 14 Displayed | Download in RIS Format
| Other project views: | All 29 publications | 14 publications in selected types | All 14 journal articles |
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Attfuekdm JR, Hugnes M, Spengler J, Lu C. Within-and Between-Child Variation in Repeated Urinary Pesticide Metabolite Measurements over a 1-Year Period. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014;122(2):201-206. |
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Givens ML, Lu C, Bartell SM, Pearson MA. Estimating dietary consumption patterns among children:a comparison between cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs. Environmental Research 2007;103(3):325-330. |
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Lu C, Bravo R, Caltabiano LM, Irish RM, Weerasekera G, Barr DB. The presence of dialkylphosphates in fresh fruit juices: implication for organophosphorus pesticide exposure and risk assessments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues 2005;68(3):209-227. |
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Lu C, Toepel K, Irish R, Fenske RA, Barr DB, Bravo R. Organic diets: Lu et al. respond. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(4):A211. |
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Lu C, Toepel K, Irish R, Fenske RA, Barr DB, Bravo R. Organic diets significantly lower children's dietary exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(2):260-263. |
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Lu C, Fenske RA, Barr DB. OP pesticides, organic diets, and children’s health: Lu et al. respond. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(10):A572-A573. |
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Lu C, Barr DB, Pearson MA, Bartell S, Bravo R. A longitudinal approach to assessing urban and suburban children’s exposure to pyrethroid pesticides. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(9):1419-1423. |
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Lu C, Barr DB, Pearson MA, Waller LA. Dietary intake and its contribution to longitudinal organophosphorus pesticide exposure in urban/suburban children. Environmental Health Perspectives 2008;116(4):537-542. |
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Lu C, Barr DB, Pearson MA, Walker LA, Bravo R. The attribution of urban and suburban children’s exposure to synthetic pyrethroid pesticides: a longitudinal assessment. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 2009;19(1):69-78. |
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Lu C, Holbrook CM, Andres LM. The implications of using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for pesticide risk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 2010;118(1):125-130. |
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Lu C, Schenck FJ, Pearson MA, Wong JW. Assessing children’s dietary pesticide exposure: direct measurement of pesticide residues in 24-hr duplicate food samples. Environmental Health Perspectives 2010;118(11):1625-1630. |
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Pearson MA, Lu C, Schmotzer BJ, Waller LA, Riederer AM. Evaluation of physiological measures for correcting variation in urinary output:implications for assessing environmental chemical exposure in children. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 2009;19(3):336-342. |
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Riederer AM, Pearson MA, Lu C. Comparison of food consumption frequencies among NHANES and CPES children: implications for dietary pesticide exposure and risk assessment. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 2010;20(7):602-614. |
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Schenck F, Wong J, Lu C, Li J, Holcomb JR, Mitchell LM. Multiresidue analysis of 102 organophosphorus pesticides in produce at parts-per billion levels using a modified QuEChERS method and gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection. Journal of AOAC International 2009;92(2):561-573. |
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Supplemental Keywords:
RFA, Health, Scientific Discipline, Toxics, Air, air toxics, pesticides, Susceptibility/Sensitive Population/Genetic Susceptibility, Risk Assessments, Biochemistry, Children's Health, genetic susceptability, pesticide exposure, rural communities, urban air, sensitive populations, monitoring, organophosphates, multi-pathway study, long term exposure, age-related differences, dermal contact, exposure, children, longitudinal study, gender-related variability, pesticide residues, insecticides, human exposure, environmental toxicant, neurotixics, dust , biological markers, dietary exposure, agricultural community, organophosphate pesticides, exposure assessment, environmental hazard exposuresProgress and Final Reports:
Original AbstractThe perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Conclusions drawn by the principal investigators have not been reviewed by the Agency.