TMDLs are not "self-implementing." Hence, other authorities and programs must be used to implement the pollutant reductions called for by a TMDL or other strategy to achieve water quality standards. The exact authorities and programs a state, territory, or authorized tribe uses will depend on the type of sources present, as well as on social, political, and economic factors.

A variety of federal, state, local, and tribal authorities and programs can be brought to bear, together with initiatives from the private sector.