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This chapter discusses available information on the occurrence of nitrification during water treatment and its potential impact on distribution system water quality. Nitrification (either intentionally encouraged or unknowingly) as part of the water treatment process can occur wh...

The environmental persistence of plastic waste has driven development of pro-oxidant additives to accelerate degradation. This study evaluated iron stearate (FeSt) and cobalt stearate (CoSt) incorporated into polypropylene (PP) at 1–2 wt% concentrations, examining their eff...

This research aims to use membrane distillation (MD) to treat problematic hypersaline per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-laden waste streams. Results are shown for four commercially available membranes (unlaminated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene laminated P...

Prior to mass deforestation of uplands and drainage efforts in lowlands, floodplain wetlands were abundant in river valleys. Deforestation of steep slopes and the associated accumulation of alluvial sediment in valley bottoms have left floodplains much drier and largely disconnec...

Stormwater runoff is a significant contributor of phosphorus (P) loading to waterbodies around the world. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) that uses filtration media, such as bioretention, can effectively retain suspended solids and associated particulate P, but is commonly ...

This chapter discusses available information on nitrification occurrence in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems. It is intended to serve as an overview leading on nitrification microbiology, monitoring, prevention, response, and engineering improvements.

This chapter provides an integrated overview of nitrification causes and controls in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems.

Bioretention planters are installed for stormwater management with little research supporting design guidance. Four bioretention planters installed at Stevens Institute of Technology provide information on the hydrologic mitigation potential of planters as well as design consider...

Onsite non-potable water systems (ONWS) systems must be designed to remove microbial pathogens to protect human health. However, variation among quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models used in this process have led to a range of treatment goals, or pathogen log reduc...

EnviroAtlas is a free, online mapping and decision tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and partners. It provides interactive resources for exploring the benefits people receive from nature, or "ecosystem goods and services&quo...

Extreme weather events create an immense challenge to the resilience of communities across the U.S. More frequent and intense weather events such as hurricanes, storm surges, and tornadoes may increase the frequency and extent of damage to waste infrastructure. Impacts to support...

As of 2015 2.1 billion people lacked access to safe drinking water and 4.5 billion lacked access to safely managed sanitation worldwide.2 An estimated 1.8 million deaths resulted from diseases related to water pollution in 2015, disproportionately affecting children under 5 years...

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs) pose challenges for drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in maintaining water quality due to the algal organic matter and cyanotoxins they produce. While standards are upheld using enhanced chemical and physical treatment with increa...

Small systems struggle with limited technical, financial, and managerial resources to achieve clean, safe, and affordable drinking water.  Moreover, rural communities in Puerto Rico often lack stable electricity and cellular communication connections, which is exacerbated during ...

Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms (cHABs) continue to pose a threat to freshwater systems used for drinking water sources, prompting many water treatment plants to seek methods for treating and preventing them. Rapid mitigation of cAHBs using chemical algaecides have been widely...

Several agricultural residues and other carbonaceous wastes (food processing, railroad ties, biosolids, etc.) can be converted to stable biochar through pyrolysis. The biochar can be used as a soil amendment and in several other applications, thus facilitating carbon sequestratio...

Urban water systems are not self-contained units, economically or ecologically.  They rely on larger biophysical supports from natural capital.  The behavior of such systems as a whole and the interactions between subcomponents can be observed.  The optimization at system level t...

Water is a defining issue of our time. Cities across the world are rethinking the traditional linear approach to water systems in the face of drought, extreme weather, and associated impacts on water quantity and quality. In San Francisco, onsite water treatment systems are requi...

Stormwater controls in urban environments that use plants are being promoted as green infrastructure. To better understand these controls and their relationship to the environment, soil fauna extraction was performed on a variety of stormwater controls from urban locations includ...

Extreme weather events create an immense challenge to the resilience of communities across the U.S. More frequent and intense weather events such as hurricanes, storm surges, and tornadoes may increase the frequency and extent of damage to waste infrastructure. Impacts to support...

To assess reuse applications in single-family settings and to provide technical and policy recommendations on the feasibility of single-family reuse implementation, the San Francisco Public Utilites Commission established an Independent Advisory Panel (IAP) consisting of field ex...

This is a multidisciplinary scientific report that details how future operations of Glen Canyon Dam will impact the biophysical landscape of Grand Canyon and the Colorado River. The report is being prepared by the USGS and delivered to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The USGS is ...

Phosphorous is a non-renewable, yet essential resource in modern agriculture for fertilizers and food production. In order to address global issues associated with depleting phosphate rock reserves and minimize eutrophication of water bodies, numerous studies have been pursued to...

Human-environment coupled water systems are complex and dynamic, and management of these systems that requires a paradigm shift from the traditional “siloed” (drinking water, wastewater, stormwater etc.) approach towards more holistic approaches to address multip...

Given widespread biodiversity declines, a growing global human population, and demands to improve water quality, there is an immediate need to explore land management solutions that support multiple ecosystem services. Agricultural water quality wetlands designed to provide both ...