Office of Research and Development Publications

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Risk assessors use liver endpoints in rodent toxicology studies to assess the safety of chemical exposures. Yet, rodent endpoints may not accurately re&#64258;ect human responses. For this reason and others, human-based in vitro models are being developed and anchored to adverse ...

The discipline of immunotoxicology had its origins in the early 1970s, following the recognition of altered immune function and increased sensitivity to infections and cancers after exposure to environmental chemicals and therapeutic drugs. Reduced resistance to infectious diseas...

Incidences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and Vibrio infections have increased over recent decades. Numerous studies have tried to identify environmental factors driving HABs and pathogenic Vibrio populations separately. Few have considered the two simultaneously, though emerging...

UV irradiation is one of the most commonly used wastewater disinfection methods. Significant advantages of using the UV-based disinfection are that it leaves no residual and does not form any disinfection by products (DBPs) in the treated wastewater. However, the high-energy cost...

Background: Sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) occur when untreated sewage is discharged into water sources before reaching the treatment facility, potentially contaminating the water source with gastrointestinal pathogens. Objectives: The objective of this paper is to assess associ...

This study aims to understand the effect of the rapid decontamination methods of high pressure washing and washing with salt additives on the penetration of radionuclides into concrete. To this end, we first identified how penetration profiles of Cs-137, Sr-85, and Eu-152 evolve ...

Rural Ghanaian communities continue using microbiologically contaminated surface water sources due in part to undesirable organoleptic characteristics of groundwater from boreholes. Our objective was to identify thresholds of physical and chemical parameters associated with consu...

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that exhibit some similarities to algae and can be found naturally in lakes, streams, ponds, and other surface waters. However, toxin producing cyanobacteria have become an increasing concern as growth rates have been escalating. Neverthe...

Knowledge of the ontogeny of Phase I and Phase II metabolizing enzymes may be used to inform children's vulnerability based upon likely differences in internal dose from xenobiotic exposure. This might provide a qualitative assessment of toxicokinetic (TK) variability and uncerta...

Sensitivity analyses on the system parameters revealed simple relationships between the bed design and the expected breakthrough of cesium, allowing us to generate a concise set of look-up tables to aid the early responders.

During the immediate, emergency phase of a response, it will be impossible to initiate activities other than establishing life-saving operations and securing a site for the safety of the public and first responders. This report contains a comprehensive list of proposed equipment ...

Model/Guide

In April 2018, EPA released the draft <em>IRIS Assessment Plan for Ammonia and Ammonium Salts Noncancer Oral</em>. An IRIS Assessment Plan (IAP) communicates to the public the plan for assessing each individual chemical and includes summary information on the IRIS Program’s sco...

This presentation provides a high level overview of the development of a life cycle inventory of electricity being led by EPA in collaboration with NREL and NETL.

Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Value (PPRTV) assessments support the EPA mission to protect human health and the environment by identifying and characterizing the health hazards of chemicals of concern to the Superfund and RCRA Programs, and providing an important source of t...

The <em>Integrated Science Assessment for Sulfur Oxides – Health Criteria</em> is a concise synthesis and evaluation of the most policy-relevant science, and has been prepared as part of the review of the primary (health-based) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for S...

The collection of chemical structure information and associated experimental data for quantitative structure&ndash;activity/property relationship (QSAR/QSPR) modeling is facilitated by an increasing number of public databases containing large amounts of useful data. However, the ...

The field of toxicoepigenetics is rapidly emerging to provide new insights into the relationship between environmental factors, the epigenome, and public health. Toxicoepigenetic data have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of environmental exposure effects and susc...

Water quality data at gaging stations are typically compared with established federal, state, or local water quality standards to determine if violations (concentrations of specific constituents falling outside acceptable limits) have occurred. Based on the frequency and severity...

The degradation of polypropylene (PP) and PP-multiwalled carbon nanotube (PP-MWCNT) panels during environmental weathering resulted in an increased degree of crystallinity, making them brittle, and creating surface cracks. The degradation led to a breakdown of the panels and incr...

Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Arsenic Demonstration Program, an iron removal (IR) process consisting of permanganate oxidation followed by GreensandPlus™ filtration was shown to be effective in removing soluble As(III) (24.1 μg/L on average) from Waynesville, IL ...

Infiltrative rain gardens add retention capacity to sewersheds, yet, their capacity for detention and redistribution of stormwater runoff is dynamic and often unverified by monitoring. Over a 4-year period, we tracked whole system water fluxes in a two-tier rain garden network, a...

Conventional wisdom hypothesizes that the orthophosphate component of blended phosphate corrosion inhibitors causes the formation of low solubility lead-orthophosphate solids which inhibit lead release into drinking water. This study characterized the composition and morphology o...

Aeration in biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes accounts for nearly half of the total electricity costs at many wastewater treatment plants. Even though conventional BNR processes are usually operated to have aerated zones with high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, r...

Emissions from open burning of Meals, Ready-To-Eat (MRE) and MRE packaging were characterized in response to inhalation concerns at military forward operating bases. Emissions from four compositions of MREs and four types of packaging were compared to assess contributions of ind...