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EVALUATING THE ROLE OF ION COMPOSITION ON THE TOXICITY OF COPPER TO CERIODAPHNIA DUBIA IN VERY HARD WATERS
Citation:
Gensemer, R. W., R. B. Naddy, W. A. Stubblefield, J. R. Hockett, R. Santore, AND P. Paquin. EVALUATING THE ROLE OF ION COMPOSITION ON THE TOXICITY OF COPPER TO CERIODAPHNIA DUBIA IN VERY HARD WATERS. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Part C(133):87-97, (2002).
Description:
The mitigating effect of increasing hardness on metal toxicity is reflected in water quality criteria in the United States. - - - Copper toxicity did not consistently vary as a function of hardness, but likely as a function of other water quality characteristics (e.g. alkalinity or other correlated factors). The hardness equations equations used in regulatory criteria, therefore, may not provide an accurate level of protection against copper toxicity in all types of very hard waters - - -