Citation:

Nakarmi, A., S. Kanel, M. Nadagouda, AND T. Viswanathan. Applications of conventional and advanced technologies for phosphorus remediation from contaminated water. Chapter 7, Uma Shanker, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Manviri Rani (ed.), Green Functionalized Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications. ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, Holland, , 181-213, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823137-1.00007-5

Impact/Purpose:

Phosphorus is among the natural components that can be contained in contaminated polluting habitats. The excess amount of phosphate available in the water supply causes eutrophication and hypoxia. There have been many works done to remediate phosphate from the wastewater. The methods like precipitation, coagulation, membrane separation, ion exchange, microbiological processes, reverse osmosis, and adsorption have been developed in which the most popular form is adsorption for phosphate removal. Over thousands of absorbents are produced using different materials. Wood chips, biochar, and activated carbon are examples of the resources used to prepare the phosphate remover adsorbent. This book chapter focuses on some of these methods' advantages and disadvantages—this helps control HABs and manage the nutrients.

Description:

The phosphate remediation is a challenging and expensive environmental issue. It could cost billions to maintain and improve the treatment framework, using conventional wastewater treatment plants to meet the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) requirements. Because of eutrophication and hypoxia, phosphorus runoff from the commercial and industrial wastewater plants leads to the growth of unwanted algae that ends in "dead zones" after the decay of algae, causing the aquatic life which thrives in an oxygen-rich death. In-stream discharge, the upper limit for phosphorus is usually one ppm, and further lowering to < 0.1 ppm is needed to meet or exceed the current US-EPA requirement. As far as we know, there is no product to extract phosphate from abundant water sources to reduce phosphate to ultralow levels that will meet the latest, stringent US-EPA requirements economically. In timber processing landfills and wood disposal sites, groundwater contamination by wood waste disposal also creates runoffs containing radioactive metals into freshwater bodies, further degrading the water quality. The application of nanomaterials from renewable resources can help reduce phosphate from the contaminated water source. This chapter comprises different remediation methods and nanomaterials from renewable resources to reduce phosphate from wastewater and compare with the commercial and expensive water treatment.

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