Citation:

Welker, M., I. Chorus, AND E. Urquhart. Planning monitoring programmes for cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. Edition 2, Chapter 11, Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water. Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, PA, , 641-668, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003081449

Impact/Purpose:

Cyanobacterial toxins are among the hazardous substances most widely found in water. They occur naturally, but concentrations hazardous to human health are usually due to human activity. Therefore, to protect human health, managing lakes, reservoirs and rivers to prevent cyanobacterial blooms is critical.   This book is intended for those working on toxic cyanobacteria with a specific focus on public health protection. It intends to empower professionals from different disciplines to communicate and cooperate for sustainable management of toxic cyanobacteria, including public health workers, ecologists, academics, and catchment and waterbody managers.

Description:

Current and future operational satellite sensors all have some limited ability to resolve the required geophysical variables but with significant trade-offs amongst spectral, spatial, or temporal resolution. Here we only mention existing, or planned, operational satellites with the highestpotential to inform management decisions for inland waters. These operational satellites generally fall into two categories: (1) medium resolution ocean colour sensors, and (2) higher resolution land imagers. The medium resolution ocean colour sensors may include ESA’s Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) on the Sentinel-3 (3A launched 2016 and 3B scheduled for launch in 2017) satellites. Historical data could be retrieved from the MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) on the Envisat satellite from 2002-2012. The OLCI and MERIS sensors provide adequate spectral bands for inland water derivation of water quality parameters, with a typical revisit time of 2-3 days, but has spatial resolution (300m pixel size) limits for providing observations in lakes and reservoirs. The higher resolution land imagers include the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) on the Sentinel-2 (2A launched 2015, 2B scheduled for launch in 2017) satellites and Landsat series satellites provide the best spatial resolution for inland waters, but are at a disadvantage when it comes to spectral resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and, to some extent, temporal coverage. Only by combining the observations from two Landsat missions or two Sentinel-2 missions would a temporal revisit of every 8 days and 5 days, respectively. The satellite revisit time is defined as the time between measurements of the same location on the surface of the Earth.

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