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Emissions from 3D Printer Filament Extruders
Citation:
Byrley, P., W. Boyes, AND K. Rogers. Emissions from 3D Printer Filament Extruders. 2019 Society for Risk Analysis Annual Meeting, Arlington, VA, December 08 - 12, 2019.
Impact/Purpose:
Because of low cost technology and consumer availability, 3D printing is becoming widely used in homes and libraries. Operation of these printers produces a significant number of emitted ultrafine particles. Results described in this product are important for two reasons. First, this paper demonstrates the influence of nozzle temperature and filament type on particle emissions. Second, this study identified features in calculation protocols that resulted in large variations in emissions reported from these printers. This product further provides clear evidence for the need for standardized emissions testing protocols that can be used to improve particle exposure estimates for consumer use of these printers.
Description:
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers, the most popular type of 3D printer among home hobbyists, have been shown to release billions of airborne particles per minute, indicating the potential for inhalation exposure and consequent health risks among 3D printer users including children. In addition, consumer-grade filament extruders used to create filaments for 3D printing have also come onto the market and are now affordable for the average 3D printer user. However, it is not yet known if the operation of a consumer-grade filament extruder emits enough aerosols to provide additional exposure risk. We measured particle emissions from a filament extruder system using two popular feedstocks polymers: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or poly-lactic acid (PLA) in a series of chamber tests. The testing protocol used was based on ANSI/CAN/UL 2904: Standard Method for Testing and Assessing Particle and Chemical Emissions from 3D Printers with additional modifications to simulate standard use by a filament extruder operator. Results will be presented, including particle amounts and emission rates, that compare the two feedstock materials and impacts of inhalation exposure will be discussed. This abstract does not reflect EPA policy.