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A Nitrogen Physical Input-Output Table (PIOT) Model for Illinois
Citation:
Singh, S., J. Compton, T. Hawkins, D. Sobota, AND E. Cooter. A Nitrogen Physical Input-Output Table (PIOT) Model for Illinois. ECOLOGICAL MODELLING. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 360:194-203, (2017).
Impact/Purpose:
This paper builds upon the Life Cycle Assessment models for examining the impacts of reactive nitrogen by developing a Physical Input-Output Table for nitrogen for the state of Illinois. An Environmentally Extended Input Output (EEIO) based approach is used to connect the physical economic production to environmental losses, this allows for quantification of total environmental impact to support production and use of the three major crops in Illinois. The paper will be submitted to a special issue of Ecological Modelling from the EcoSummit meeting in France that the first author helped organize in summer 2016. This paper contributes to SHC 4.61.4.
Description:
Nitrogen (N) presents an important challenge for sustainability due to its role in providing goods and services to society, since release of N beyond its intended use has many negative consequences. Several systems modeling approaches have been developed to understand the tradeoffs between the beneficial and harmful effects of N. These efforts include life cycle modeling, integrated management practices and sustainability metrics for individuals and communities. However, these approaches do not connect economic and ecological N flows in physical units throughout the system, which could better represent these trade-offs for decision-makers. Physical Input-Output Table (PIOT) based models present a viable complementary solution to overcome this limitation. We developed a N-PIOT for Illinois representing the interdependence of sectors in 2002, using N mass units. This allows studying the total N flow required to produce a certain amount of N in the final product. An Environmentally Extended Input Output (EEIO) based approach was used to connect the physical economic production to environmental losses; allowing quantification of total environmental impact to support production in Illinois. A bottom up approach was used to develop the N-PIOT using Material Flow Analysis (MFA) tracking N flows associated with top 3 commodities (Corn, Soybean and Wheat). These three commodities cover 99% of N fertilizer use in Illinois. The PIOT shows that of all the N inputs to corn farming the state exported 68% of N embedded in useful products, 9% went to animal feed manufacturing and only 0.03% was consumed directly within the state. Approximately 35% of N input to soybean farming ended up in animal feed manufacturing. Release of N to the environment was Emissions highest from corn farming, at about 21.8% of total N fertilizer inputs, followed by soybean (9.2%) and wheat farming (4.2%). The model also allowed the calculation of life cycle N use efficiency for N based on physical flows in the economy. Hence, PIOTs prove to be a viable tool for developing a holistic approach to manage disrupted biogeochemical cycles, since these provide a detailed insight into physical flows in economic systems and allow physical coupling with ecological N flows.
