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POPULATION-BASED EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS IN ARIZONA: A PHASE FIELD STUDY IN SUPPORT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT SURVEY
Citation:
Lebowitz, M., M. O'Rourke, S. Gordon, D. Moschandreas, T. Buckley, AND M. Nishioka. POPULATION-BASED EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS IN ARIZONA: A PHASE FIELD STUDY IN SUPPORT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT SURVEY. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA/600/J-95/566.
Description:
The objectives of this field study are to determine the distributions of total human exposures to multi-media pollutants in the classes of metals, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by studying a proportionate-based sample of the total population (with a nested design for the different stages of sampling). pecific aims are: 1) To document the occurrence, distribution and determinants of total exposures in the general population, 2) To characterize the 90th percentiles of total exposures to each of the pollutants, 3) to monitor geographic and temporal trends of the multi-media exposures, 4) To evaluate the different media, personal time-activity, and geographical factors that contribute to current total exposure, 5) To evaluate biomarkers in blood and urine for the target pollutants, 6) To perform evaluations of relationships between exposure reports, 7) To predict total exposures, and 8) To evaluate and predict total exposures in minority and disadvantaged subsets of the population. he latter is specifically possible in Arizona with the large proportions of such population subgroups. he proportional based population sampling of households within blocks occurs in stage 1; the target is 1200 such households. hey will be interviewed utilizing the NHEXAS questionnaires. n stage 2, additional questionnaires would be completed and environmental sampling would take place in about 450-900 households, representatively selected from the respondents; environmental sampling will include: metals in dust, soil, outside air and some tap water; pesticides in dust, soil, and some tap water; total VOCs in air. n stage 3, a representative selected subset of households will be reevaluated for metals, pesticides and VOCs using methods with greater resolution and reliability; subjects in the households will be asked to complete the questionnaires and provide biological samples. ollowup temporal evaluations will be performed in a randomly selected subset of homes evaluated during this stage.