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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected for various scenarios and the most appropriate approaches and technologies for mitigation are identified by NRMRL's Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division's Atmospheric Protection Branch (APB). These methods contribute to reduction of GHG and will contribute to APB's ability to adapt to inevitable climate changes through prevention approaches. Estimates - Estimates of methane emissions from U.S. natural gas, petroleum, and coal industries are being produced. Open-path Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and other analytical techniques are used to quantify emissions, such as methane and ammonia from swine farms. Solar - Photovoltaic systems are evaluated for their potential contribution to reducing GHG emissions. HFC/CFC Replacements - Work is being performed to evaluate next-generation, low-total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) fluids and technologies to replace air conditioning and refrigeration technologies that use HFCs as the working fluids. Low-TEWI alternatives minimize GHG emissions resulting from energy use and from direct emissions of the fluids. Next Generation Technology Evaluations - Researchers are responsible for generation, controls, and emissions of and sinks for specific GHG technologies. Research will establish an in-house expertise and a database of future technologies to help guide the development and commercialization of technology. GHG Emission Scenarios - Technology options will be analyzed with existing scenario generation models and a new Global Technology Evaluation Model (GloTEM), a "bottom up" technology model that will house a database including technology performance, cost, releases to the environment, applicability, and other parameters. Adaptation - Climate change is expected to result in important physical, ecological, economic and social impacts to the Earth and its inhabitants. One response to climate change is adaptation, which means there is a human-induced, purposeful response strategy to climate change as opposed to a natural reaction of the biosphere to stresses. A research program has been initiated that will explore adaptation strategies and development information and technology needed to further the adaptation capability. For additional information on this research, visit the website at http://www.epa.gov/appcdwww/crb/apb/greengas.htm. To access directly from this website, click on downloads on the navigation bar.

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