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OCCURRENCE OF IODO-ACID AND IODO-THM DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN CHLORAMINATED DRINKING WATER
Citation:
RICHARDSON, S. D., F. G. CRUMLEY, K. BUETTNER, J. J. ELLINGTON, J. J. EVANS, B. C. BLOUNT, L. K. SILVA, F. L. CARDINALI, M. J. PLEWA, E. D. WAGNER, R. J. MILTNER, G. LUTHER, T. WAITE, AND A. B. MCKAGUE. OCCURRENCE OF IODO-ACID AND IODO-THM DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN CHLORAMINATED DRINKING WATER. Presented at Gordon Research Conference on Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products, South Hadley, MA, August 13 - 18, 2006.
Impact/Purpose:
(1) Use a toxicity-based approach to prioritize and identify DBPs that show the greatest toxic response. (2) Comprehensively identify DBPs formed by different disinfectant regimes for the 'Four Lab Study'. (3) Determine the mechanisms of formation for potentially hazardous bromonitromethane DBPs.
Description:
Iodo-acids were recently identified for the first time as DBPs in drinking water disinfected with chloramines. The iodo-acids identified included iodoacetic acid (IAA), bromoiodoacetic acid, (E)-3-bromo-3-iodo-propenoic acid, (Z)-3-bromo-3-iodo-propenoic acid, and (E)-2-iodo-3-methylbutenedioic acid. There is concern about these new iodo-acid DBPs because mammalian cell toxicity studies have revealed that IAA is highly cytotoxic and genotoxic¿with a genotoxicity 2X that of regulated bromoacetic acid. IAA has also been shown to cause developmental effects in mouse embryos. New evidence indicates that iodinated DBPs may be increased in formation in chloraminated vs. chlorinated drinking water, and this is of concern because many water utilities are switching from chlorine to chloramines. We developed a negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry method to measure these iodo-acids in drinking water and are conducting an occurrence study of these iodo-acids in chloraminated drinking waters across the U.S.