Citation:

Snow, S. AND U. Kodavanti. Respiratory Toxicity Biomarkers. Edition 2, Chapter 13, Biomarkers in Toxicology, 2e. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, Netherlands, , 229-250, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814655-2.00013-X

Impact/Purpose:

The field of biomarkers has recently exploded as a result of numerous new discoveries in biological mechanisms and also due to the availability of high-throughput biotechnologies. This revolution in biology has shifted the focus of research from target organ biology to systemic biology. New interactive biological processes and pathways have been discovered that provide insights into the systems interactions. This is especially true for pulmonary diseases and toxicities, which recently have been linked to cardiovascular and neuronal impairments and metabolic syndrome. The great interest in understanding circulating factors that are changed as a result of lung injury, and their ability to affect distant organs, has rejuvenated our interest in identifying new biomarkers. A variety of approaches has been introduced recently—blood genomic, serum proteomic, and metabolomic approaches. In this exciting time, biomarker discoveries will influence therapeutic approaches for lung diseases. In toxicology, the emerging new biomarkers will provide the most critical knowledge of systems biology.

Description:

The lung is continuously exposed to blood through microvasculature and to ambient contaminants through respiration, making it a· susceptible target for developing injury and chronic diseases. The accessibility of exhaled breath, sputum, nasal and lung lavage fluid, along with traditional blood and urine samples, provides a unique opportunity to determine changes in exposure and disease biomarkers of injury. Because major lung diseases(i.e., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibrosis, hypertension, and cancer)share common features, such as the involvement of inflammatory cells, cytokines, and associated signaling processes, comprehensive assessment of biomarkers using high-throughput approaches together with selected disease-specific biomarkers is warranted. With the current advances in technologies, our understanding of genetic/epigenetic markers, and the potential role of progenitor cells in therapeutic interventions, the assessment of lung injury biomarkers provides accurate diagnostic value and informs appropriate interventional strategies

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