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Massive Volcanic SO2 Oxidation and Sulphate Aerosol Deposition in Cenozoic North America
Citation:
Bao, H., S. YU, AND D. Q. Tong. Massive Volcanic SO2 Oxidation and Sulphate Aerosol Deposition in Cenozoic North America. NATURE. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., London, Uk, 465(7300):845-974, (2010).
Impact/Purpose:
The National Exposure Research Laboratory′s (NERL′s) Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division (AMAD) conducts research in support of EPA′s mission to protect human health and the environment. AMAD′s research program is engaged in developing and evaluating predictive atmospheric models on all spatial and temporal scales for forecasting the Nation′s air quality and for assessing changes in air quality and air pollutant exposures, as affected by changes in ecosystem management and regulatory decisions. AMAD is responsible for providing a sound scientific and technical basis for regulatory policies based on air quality models to improve ambient air quality. The models developed by AMAD are being used by EPA, NOAA, and the air pollution community in understanding and forecasting not only the magnitude of the air pollution problem, but also in developing emission control policies and regulations for air quality improvements.
Description:
Volcanic eruptions release a large amount of sulphur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere. SO2 is oxidized to sulphate and can subsequently form sulphate aerosol, which can affect the Earth's radiation balance, biologic productivity and high-altitude ozone concentrations, as is evident from recent volcanic eruptions. SO2 oxidation can occur via several different pathways that depend on its flux and the atmospheric conditions. An investigation into how SO2 is oxidized to sulphate - the oxidation product preserved in the rock record - can therefore shed light on past volcanic eruptions and atmospheric conditions3. An investigation into how SO2 is oxidized to sulphase - the oxidation product preserved in the rock record - can therefore shed light on past volcanic erruptions and atmospheric conditions. Here we use sulphur and triple oxygen isotope measurements of atmospheric sulphate extracted from tuffaceous deposits to investigate the specific oxidation pathways from which the sulphate was formed. We find that seven eruption-related sulphate aerosol deposition events have occurred during the mid-Cenozoic era (34 to 7 million years ago) in the northern High Plains, North America. Two extensively sampled ash beds display a similar sulphate mixing pattern that has two distinct atmospheric secondary sulphates. A three-dimensional atmospheric sulphur chemistry and transport model study reveals that the observed, isotopically discrete sulphates in sediments can be produced only in initially alkaline cloudwater that favours an ozone-dominated SO2 oxidation pathway in the troposphere. Our finding suggests that, in contrast to the weakly acidic conditions today5, cloudwater in the northern High Plains may frequently have been alkaline during the mid-Cenozoic era. We propose that atmospheric secondary sulphate preserved in continental deposits represents an unexploited geological archive for atmospheric SO2 oxidation chemistry linked to volcanism and atmospheric conditions in the past.
URLs/Downloads:
Nature
Massive Volcanic SO2 Oxidation and Sulphate Aerosol Deposition in Cenozoic North America (PDF, NA pp, 1279 KB, about PDF)