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The Anthropogenic Salt Cycle
Citation:
Kaushal, S., G. Likens, P. Mayer, R. Shatkay, S. Shelton, S. Grant, R. Utz, A. Yaculak, C. Maas, J. Reimer, S. Bhide, J. Malin, AND M. Rippy. The Anthropogenic Salt Cycle. NATURE. Nature Publishing Group, New York, NY, 4:770-784, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00485-y
Impact/Purpose:
This manuscript was invited by the editors of Nature Reviews. We describe for the first time, the natural salt cycle and the ways in which the cycle has been altered by human activities. We quantify a salt budget for the US and explain how the global salt cycle has been affected over millennia up to contemporary times. W explain what alterations the salt cycle mean for human health and the environment.
Description:
Increasing salt production and use is shifting the natural balances of salt ions across Earth systems, causing interrelated effects across biophysical systems collectively known as freshwater salinization syndrome. In this Review, we conceptualize the natural salt cycle and synthesize increasing global trends of salt production and riverine salt concentrations and fluxes. The natural salt cycle is primarily driven by relatively slow geologic and hydrologic processes that bring different salts to the surface of the Earth. Anthropogenic activities have accelerated the processes, timescales and magnitudes of salt fluxes and altered their directionality, creating an anthropogenic salt cycle. Global salt production has increased rapidly over the past century for different salts, with approximately 300 Mt of NaCl produced per year. A salt budget for the USA suggests that salt fluxes in rivers can be within similar orders of magnitude as anthropogenic salt fluxes, and there can be substantial accumulation of salt in watersheds. Excess salt propagates along the anthropogenic salt cycle, causing freshwater salinization syndrome to extend beyond freshwater supplies and affect food and energy production, air quality, human health and infrastructure. There is a need to identify environmental limits and thresholds for salt ions and reduce salinization before planetary boundaries are exceeded, causing serious or irreversible damage across Earth systems.
