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Propranolol is a heavily prescribed, nonspecific beta-adrenoceptor (bAR) antagonist frequently found in wastewater effluents, prompting concern over its potential to adversely affect exposed organisms. In the present study, the transcriptional responses of 4, 5, and 6 days postfe...

Omics methodologies are increasingly used to inform human health risk assessment. The volume of transcriptomic data in particular has grown markedly with the commercialization of targeted sequencing approaches that enable high-throughput gene expression profiling. These technolog...

To cause developmental toxicity, chemical exposures must cause bioactive concentrations in key tissues during susceptible lifestages, including during early fetal development. Next generation chemical risk assessment (NGRA) aims to replace and enhance traditional toxicity testing...

Current methods for cancer risk assessment are resource-intensive and not practical for thousands of untested chemicals in the environment. In earlier studies, we developed a new approach methodology (NAM) to identify liver tumorigens using gene expression biomarkers and associat...

Wildfires have increased in frequency and area burned, trends expected to continue with climate change. Among other effects, fires release pollutants into the atmosphere, representing a risk to human health and downwind terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. While human health risks...

Protein processing operations include animal slaughtering, meat and poultry product production, and/or rendering of byproducts. These facilities utilize large volumes of water for hair/hide/feather removal, carcass washing, chilling, trimming and cutting, cooking, and cleaning/sa...

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used, and their fluorinated state contributes to unique uses and stability but also long half-lives in the environment and humans. PFAS have been shown to be toxic, leading to immunosuppression, cancer, and other adverse healt...

A critical step in systematic reviews of potential health hazards is the structured evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the included studies; risk of bias is a term often used to represent this process, specifically with respect to the evaluation of systematic errors th...

Subchronic and chronic studies in rats of the gasoline oxygenates ethyl&nbsp;tert-butyl ether (ETBE) and&nbsp;tert-butanol (TBA) report similar noncancer kidney and liver effects but differing results with respect to kidney and liver tumors. Because TBA is a major metabolite of E...

Onsite non-potable water systems (ONWS) collect and treat local source waters for non-potable end uses such as toilet flushing and irrigation. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has been used to set pathogen log10-reduction targets (LRTs) for ONWS to achieve the risk b...

Gene drives are a topic of growing interest since the CRISPR/Cas9 system was discovered. In 2016, the National Academies published a report about science, governance, and engagement related to gene drive research and testing. There are valuable insights in all chapters, but espec...

Controlled laboratory experiments are often performed on amphibians to establish causality between stressor presence and an adverse outcome. However, in the field, identification of lab-generated biomarkers from single stressors and the interactions of multiple impacts are diffic...

Structural models based on Bayesian networks are powerful knowledge representation tools that can capture diverse problem analysis structures and provide a basis for quantitative analysis and weight of evidence. They have only recently been developed and applied in fields ranging...

Toxicology has been an active research field for many decades, with academic, industrial and government involvement. Modern omics and computational approaches are changing the field, from merely disease-specific observational models into target-specific predictive models. Traditi...

Background and PurposeSoil and dust are effective sorbents for many organic chemicals and are known to concentrate lipophilic, less volatile, environmental pollutants. For children&rsquo;s risk assessment, this is important, primarily because children consume relatively large qua...

Health risk assessments generally involve many extrapolations: for example, from animals to humans or from high doses to lower doses. Health risk assessments for PCBs involve all the usual uncertainties, plus additional uncertainties due to the nature of PCBs as a dynamic, comple...

SOT 2024 Abstract Background and Purpose: The use of in vitro systems to model the effects of inhalation exposures has focused on using differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cell (dpHBEC) cultures as they recapitulate key features of the airway epithelium in vivo.&nbs...

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse array of more than 10,000 chemicals that are widely used in manufacturing and consumer products due to beneficial properties such as strong C-F bonds and resistance to water, oil, and grease. The environmental distribution ...

Background and Purpose:   Limitations to the in vivo developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) test includes high variability, low reproducibility, and unknown human relevance. Moreover, neuropathological assessments in the DNT guideline are challenging due to methodology, lack of mecha...

The landscape of chemical risk assessment has been evolving with recent advancements in biomedical and computational sciences, as best represented respectively by biomarker discovery and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling.  The integration of...

Background Systematic evidence maps are increasingly used to develop chemical risk assessments. These maps can provide an overview of available studies and relevant study information to be used for various research objectives and applications. Environmental epidemiological studie...

Presentation to Gaining Confidence in NGRA Approaches Together: A DyNAMic DiscussionNURATM Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine / Institute for In Vitro Sciences Hosted Webinar

In this study, proportional response addition (Prop-RA), a model for predicting response from chemical mixture exposure, is demonstrated and evaluated by statistically analyzing data on all possible binary combinations of the four regulated trihalomethanes (THMs). These THMs were...

There are insufficient toxicity data to assess the ecological risks of many pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). While data limitations are not uncommon for contaminants of environmental concern, PPCPs are somewhat unique in that an a priori understanding of their ...

An understanding of the combined effects of climate change (CC) and other anthropogenic stressors, such as chemical exposures, is essential for improving ecological risk assessments of vulnerable ecosystems. In the Great Barrier Reef, coral reefs are under increasingly severe dur...