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Gene expression data from short-term in vivo studies shows efficacy in quantifying dose-dependent effects that inform and precede toxicity outcomes of regulatory concern. With archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples, this data can be obtained and related t...

In many ecosystems, especially aquatic ecosystems, size plays a critical role in the factors that determine an individual's ability to survive and reproduce. In aquatic ecotoxicology, size informs both realized and potential acute and chronic effects of chemical exposure. This pa...

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have a variety of commercial and biomedical applications ranging from UV filtration in sunscreen to anti-cancer, fungal and anti-microbial agents. Human oral exposure to zinc oxide NPs may occur following accidental or intentional ingestion, hand-to...

Annual color infrared (CIR) aerial photographs acquired annually between 1997 and 2007 were used to classify distributions of intertidal and shallow subtidal native eelgrass Zostera marina and non-indigenous dwarf eelgrass Z. japonica in lower Yaquina estuary, Oregon. The use of...

An Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) represents the organization of current and newly acquired knowledge of biological pathways. These pathways contain a series of nodes (Key Events, KEs) that when sufficiently altered influence the next node on the pathway, beginning from an Molecul...

Introduction <br><br>Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are long-lived toxic organic compounds and are of major concern for human <br><br>and ecosystem health1,2 . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are <br><br>examples of such chemicals...

Background: ATP binding cassette sub-family member 2 (ABCG2) is a well-defined efflux transporter found in various tissues. The role of ABCG2 during early embryonic development, however, is not established. Previous work suggests an association between exposure to xenobiotics tha...

We hypothesized that typical tissue and clinical chemistry (ClinChem) end points measured in rat toxicity studies exhibit chemical-independent biological thresholds beyond which cancer occurs. Using the rat in vivo TG-GATES study, 75 chemicals were examined across chemical-dose-t...

The current ecological risk assessment reflects a comprehensive review of available exposure and ecological effects information for endosulfan. It also reflects recommendations made by the SAP for addressing issues of data interpretation and methods for assessing risks of chemica...

The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework describes the progression of a toxicity pathway from molecular perturbation to population-level outcome in a series of measurable, mechanistic responses. The controlled, computer-readable vocabulary that defines an AOP has the ability t...

The EPA Adverse Outcome Pathway Database (AOP-DB) is a database resource that aggregates association relationships between AOPs, genes, chemicals, diseases, pathways, species orthology information, ontologies. The AOP-DB frontend is a simple yet powerful user interface in the for...

This report estimates the natural background and ambient concentrations of primary producer abundance indicators in California wadeable streams, identifies thresholds of adverse effects of nutrient-stimulated primary producer abundance on benthic macroinvertebrate and algal commu...

ABSTRACT - For Paper in Non-EPA Proceeding-Early life exposure to an adverse environment during critical or sensitive periods of respiratory and immune development may increase risk of developing chronic diseases of various organ systems, including respiratory conditions, through...

Biomarkers predictive of molecular and toxicological effects are needed to interpret emerging high-throughput transcriptomic data streams. The previously characterized 63 gene TGx-DDI biomarker that includes 20 genes known to be regulated by p53 was previously shown to accurately...

Coastal habitats contribute to numerous final ecosystem goods and services (FEGS), although assessing the value of cultural services they provide can be challenging. Fortunately, social media outlets have facilitated an innovative way to obtain data on what people value and how t...

To quantify metabolism, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for a volatile compound can be calibrated with the closed chamber (i.e. vapor uptake) inhalation data. Here, we introduce global optimization as a novel component of the predictive process and use it to ...

AQUATOX is an ecosystem simulation model that predicts the environmental fate of various pollutants, such as excess nutrients and organic chemicals, and their effects on aquatic ecosystems, including fish, invertebrates, and aquatic plants. AQUATOX is one of the preeminent tools ...

Risk assessors use liver endpoints in rodent toxicology studies to assess the safety of chemical exposures. Yet, rodent endpoints may not accurately re&#64258;ect human responses. For this reason and others, human-based in vitro models are being developed and anchored to adverse ...

Disruption of normal cellular differentiation pathways early in life can increase cancer risk. In an established model of this process, female mice exposed neonatally to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) develop metaplastic and neoplastic uterine endometrial changes...

In 2007, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences released the report on Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy which formally recognized a fundamental shift in toxicologic testing to identify and evaluate risks to human health. This vision, which has informed...

Background: Sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) occur when untreated sewage is discharged into water sources before reaching the treatment facility, potentially contaminating the water source with gastrointestinal pathogens. Objectives: The objective of this paper is to assess associ...

Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver disease) is a pathological condition that may alter xenobiotic metabolism, thereby increasing susceptibility to environmental toxicants. Here we used a metabolically competent human liver-derived cell line &ndash; HepaRG &ndash; to model steatosis f...

Rationale The function and phenotype of lung macrophages varies within the respiratory tract. Whether the bioenergetic profile of macrophages correlates with their location within the lung is currently unknown. Objectives To characterize the bioenergetic profile of macrophages sa...

Revisiting archived studies using new methods on preserved samples will aid in a molecular understanding of adverse chemical effects, thereby reducing animal use, enhancing chemical hazard prioritization, and providing weight of evidence for regulatory decision making. Alteration...

Flexible, rapid, and predictive approaches that do not require the use of large numbers of vertebrate test animals are essential, as the chemical universe remains largely untested. Development of robust new approach methodologies (NAMs) and non-testing approaches requires the us...