Main Title |
Exposures and Internal Doses of Trihalomethanes in Humans: Multi-Route Contributions from Drinking Water. |
CORP Author |
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. National Center for Environmental Assessment. |
Publisher |
Jun 2006 |
Year Published |
2006 |
Report Number |
EPA/600/R-06/087; |
Stock Number |
PB2007-102276 |
Additional Subjects |
Trihalomethanes ;
Drinking water ;
Contaminants ;
Chemicals ;
Volatile organic compounds ;
Residential exposure ;
Water use behavior ;
Inhalation exposures ;
Stochastic models ;
Deterministic models ;
Risk evaluation ;
|
Holdings |
Library |
Call Number |
Additional Info |
Location |
Last Modified |
Checkout Status |
NTIS |
PB2007-102276 |
Some EPA libraries have a fiche copy filed under the call number shown. |
|
07/26/2022 |
|
Collation |
251p |
Abstract |
The concentrations of the four commonly-identified trihalomethanes (THM; chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform) in U.S. drinking water systems are regulated as a group. This report develops, applies and communicates a method to estimate internal exposures to these simultaneously-exposed chemicals. Because they are present in water used for drinking, bathing and other household uses, and because they are highly volatile, this work evaluated the development of internal doses via the oral, dermal and inhalation routes following residential exposures. This was accomplished by integrating several data sets that characterize human activity patterns, water use behavior, household volumes and ventilation, and THM concentration in drinking water. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling was used to translate external exposures to internal doses for the simulated adult male and female and the 6-year-old child. Results indicated that inhalation exposures predominated and that children developed higher internal doses (mg/kg body weight) than adults in the same household. This report demonstrates the technical feasibility of combining stochastic and deterministic models and modeling approaches with 'real-world' concentrations of drinking water contaminants (here, THMs) to estimate internal doses for risk evaluation and for the examination of toxicokinetic interactions among mixtures of chemicals. |
Availability Notes |
Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and email at orders@ntis.gov. NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161, USA. |
Category Codes |
68D; 68G; 57U; 48G |
NTIS Prices |
PC A13 |
Primary Description |
100/00 |
Document Type |
NT |
Cataloging Source |
NTIS/MT |
Control Number |
010000110 |
Origin |
NTIS |
Type |
CAT |