Abstract |
Nomographs are presented and described which permit the estimation of heat rejection system performance, tower or pond capital costs and the perturbations to power plant efficiency and costs which result from the incorporation and operation of any one of the following thermal pollution control systems within a power plant as a substitute for once-through cooling: natural draft wet towers, mechanical draft wet towers, spray ponds, cooling ponds, and natural and mechanical draft dry towers. The total heat rejection system with its associated costs is defined to extend outward from the turbine exhaust flange, a common boundary for each of the systems mentioned above. The nomographs yield performance, water requirements and costs for heat rejection systems operating under design meteorological conditions and full load plant operation. Examples are presented to show how average annual water requirements from evaporation and average annual operating costs can be estimated. (Modified author abstract) |