Table of Contents: Executive Summary ES-1 Chapter 1. Background and History of the Project 1-1 1.1 Background and Purpose of the EIS 1-1 1.2 History 1-3 1.2.1 Wastewater Treatment 1-5 1.2.2 Wastewater Solids Management 1-6 1.3 Existing Facilities 1-13 1.3.1 Wastewater Treatment 1-13 1.3.2 Wastewater Solids Treatment 1-15 1.3.2.1 Blue Plains 1-15 1.3.2.2 Off-site Processing 1-18 1.4 Expansion and Upgrading Plans 1-21 Chapter 2. Description of Sludge Management Methods 2-1 2.1 Applicable Methods 2-1 2.2 No Action 2-4 2.3 Incineration With Ash Landfilling 2-7 2.3.1 Multiple Hearth Furnace (MHF) 2-7 2.3.2 Fluidized Bed Furnace (FBF) 2-10 2.4 Land Application 2-19 2.5 Composting 2-27 2.6 Drying and Product Use 2-36 2.7 Landfilling . 2-41 2.8 Ocean Disposal 2-46 Chapter 3. Cost, Operational, and Implementation Comparison 3-1 of Sludge Management Methods 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Cost Comparison 3-1 3.3 Operability Evaluation 3-5 3.3.1 Reliability 3-5 3.3.2 Flexibility 3-7 image: ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd.) 3.3.3 Maintainability 3-7 3.3.4 Overall Operability 3-8 3.4 Implementability Evaluation 3-9 3.4.1 Public Acceptability 3-9 3.4.2 Management Concerns 3-11 3.4.3 Overall Implementability 3-11 3.5 Regulatory Framework 3-13 3.5.1 Incineration With Ash Disposal 3-13 3.5.2 Land Application 3-13 3.5.3 Composting 3-14 3.5.4 Drying and Product Use 3-14 3.5.5 Landfilling 3-14 3.5.6 Ocean Disposal 3-14 3.6 Summary Comparison 3-15 Chapter 4. Affected Environment of the Methods and 4-1 Mitigative Measures 4.1 Environmental Impacts of the Methods 4-1 4.2 No Action 4-2 4.2.1 Land Application 4-3 4.2.2 Composting 4-4 4.2.3 Man-Made Environmental Impacts 4-6 4.3 Incineration 4-8 4.3.1 Air Quality Impacts 4-8 4.3.1.1 Regulations 4-8 4.3.1.2 Emissions - Existing Sources 4-9 4.3.1.3 Emission Factors 4-10 4.3.1.4 Emission Rates 4-13 4.3.1.5 Dispersion Modeling Analysis 4-17 4.3.1.6 Air Quality Impact Areas 4-18 4.3.1.7 Existing Ambient Air Quality- 4-18 PSD Increments 4.3.1.8 Projected Ambient Air Quality 4-20 4.3.1.9 Health Risk Assessment 4-23 4.3.2 Ash Disposal 4-25 4.3.3 Man-Made Environmental Impacts 4-27 4.3.4 Air Pollution Control Systems 4-28 4.4 Land Application 4-33 4.4.1 Natural Environmental Impacts 4-33 4.4.1.1 Nutrients 4-33 4.4.1.2 Heavy Metal 4-38 4.4.1.3 Pathogens 4-42 4.4.2 Impacts on the Man-Made Environment 4-45 image: ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd.) 4.5 In-Vessel Composting 4-46 4.5.1 Natural Environmental Impacts 4-46 4.5.2 Man-Made Environmental Impacts 4-51 4.5.3 Health Risk Assessment 4-53 4.6 Drying and Product Use 4-55 4.6.1 Natural Environmental Impacts 4-55 4.6.1.1 Air Quality 4-55 4.6.1.2 Soil and Surface Waters 4-56 4.6.2 Man-Made Environmental Impacts 4-59 4.7 Landfilling 4-62 4.7.1 Natural Environmental Impacts 4-62 4.7.2 Man-Made Environmental Impacts 4-66 4.8 Ocean Disposal 4-68 4.8.1 Natural Environmental Impacts 4-68 4.8.2 Man-Made Environmental Impacts 4-72 4.9 Adverse Impacts of the Alternatives and 4-76 Mitigative Measures 4.9.1 Sludge Management 4-76 4.9.2 Sludge Transport 4-80 4.9.3 Sludge Disposal 4-80 Chapter 5. Screening of Sludge Management Methods 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Basis for Screening 5-1 5.3 Screening 5-5 5.3.1 Landfilling 5-5 5.3.2 Ocean Disposal 5-5 5.3.3 Composting 5-5 5.3.4 Drying and Product Use 5-5 5.3.5 Incineration and Ash Landfilling 5-6 5.3.6 Land Application 5-6 Chapter 6. Development and Evaluation of Final Alternative 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Overall Sludge Management 6-1 6.3 Development of Alternatives 6-3 6.3.1 Methodology 6-3 6.3.2 No Action Alternative 6-3 6.3.3 Incineration (District Concept) 6-3 6.3.4 Land Application 6-7 6.3.5 Combined Incineration/Land Application 6-7 6.4 Evaluation of the Alternatives 6-11 6.4.1 Costs 6-11 111 image: ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd.) 6.4.2 Environmental Impacts 6.4.3 Implementation Characteristics 6.5 Summary Chapter 7. Preferred Sludge Management Alternative at Blue Plains 7-1 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sludge Management Alternatives 7.2.1 Management Concerns 7.2.2 Environmental Concerns 7.2.3 Economic Concerns 7.3 Preferred Alternative 7.3.1 Management Benefits 7.3.2 Environmental Benefits 7.4 Conclusions REFERENCES 7-1 7-2 7-2 7-4 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-10 R-l Appendix A. Local, State and Federal Regulations A-l Appendix B. Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) B-l Categories, Major Source Definition Appendix C. List of Priority Pollutants C-l Appendix D. Survey: Facilities Composting Municipal D-l Sludge in the United States Appendix E. Survey: Facilities Incinerating Municipal E-l Sludge in the United States Appendix F. Summary and Conclusions: Incineration and F-l Composting Technology Inventory, EcolSciences, Inc., August, 1986 Appendix G. Solids Management Alternatives Cost Analysis Values G-l Appendix H. Design Year Sludge Quantities Subject to EIS H-l Appendix I. Additional Considerations Regarding Land 1-1 Application of Sewage Sludge in Virginia and Maryland IV

March 1989.

"Draft environmental impact statement"