| Contents Notes |
Preface -- About the authors -- 1: Fundamentals Of Environmental Law -- Environmental law as a system -- Defining the subject matter: what is environmental law? -- How a federal or state environmental law is adopted -- How environmental regulations are issued -- Laws that establish compliance obligations -- Major environmental laws -- State statues and regulations implementing the federal statutes -- State laws independent of the federal requirements -- Tax laws -- Business regulatory laws -- Local and municipal laws -- Environmental law and judicial decisions -- Common law -- Common law environmental requirements: torts -- Nuisance -- Trespass -- Negligence -- Strict liability and dangerous substance -- Laws that enforce permits, prohibitions, and penalties -- Permits -- Enforcement provisions of the federal and state environmental statutes -- General purpose criminal laws -- Laws that define the environmental law framework -- Organic laws: constitutions and charters --Courts' role -- Defining the limits of governmental authority -- Administrative law and procedure -- Rules of evidence -- Joint and several liability, indemnity, and contribution -- Environmental compliance principles -- Importance of knowledge of environmental law -- Research sources -- 2: Enforcement And Liability -- Introduction -- Enforcement trends -- Remedy preferences -- Statute-by-statute enforcement -- Corporate environmental endangerment initiative -- General concepts of enforcement and liability -- Enforcement purposes -- Applicable law -- Compliance monitoring -- Enforcement remedies -- Enforcement authority -- Civil enforcement and liability -- Introduction -- Statute-specific principles of liability and defense -- Statutory standard of conduct -- Statutory defenses -- Agreed-upon principles of enforcement and defense -- Agency principles and policies -- Progression of a civil enforcement proceeding -- Private civil enforcement by citizen suits -- Criminal enforcement and liability -- Approaches and defenses to criminal liability -- Agency principles and policies -- Progression of an enforcement proceeding -- Avoidance and mitigation of environmental enforcement and liability -- Corporate systems for environmental assessment -- Corporate systems for environmental management -- Corporate transactions -- New trends in enforcement and liability -- SEC compliance and investor relations -- Financial accounting standards -- Natural resource damages -- New source review -- State attorneys general -- Final thoughts -- Cyclical environmental law -- Science matters -- Technology brings its own headaches -- Agency discretion -- Cross-border issues -- Conclusion -- Research sources -- 3: Resource Conservation And Recovery Act -- Overview -- Policy goals and objectives of RCRA -- Definition of solid and hazardous waste -- Subtitle C: Hazardous waste management program -- Identification of hazardous wastes -- Notification of hazardous waste management activities -- Generators of hazardous waste -- Transporters of hazardous wastes -- Treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities -- Permits -- State hazardous waste programs -- Inspection -- Civil and criminal enforcement actions -- Citizen suits -- Imminent hazard actions -- Enforcement and compliance history online -- State solid waste programs under subtitle D -- Federal facility compliance -- Waiver of sovereign immunity -- Federal employee protection and exposure -- EPA administrative orders -- EPA annual inspections of federal facilities -- Public vessel exemption -- Unservicedable munitions -- Other federal responsibilities -- Research, development, demonstration, and information -- Conclusion -- Research sources. 4: Underground Storage Tanks -- Overview -- Objectives of the UST program -- Basic terminology -- Underground storage tank systems -- Regulated substances -- Owners and operators -- Implementation and enforcement -- Implementation -- Enforcement -- Summary of reporting and record keeping requirements -- Reporting requirements -- Record keeping requirements -- New UST systems -- Notification requirements -- Performance standards -- Existing UST systems -- Notification requirements -- Upgrading of existing UST systems -- Enforcement of upgrade requirements -- General operating requirements -- Spill and overfill control -- Operation and maintenance of corrosion protection systems -- Substance compatibility -- UST system repairs -- Inspections -- Release detection -- General requirements and schedule -- Methods of release detection for tanks and piping -- Specific requirements for petroleum USTs -- Specific requirements for hazardous substance UST systems -- Release reporting, investigation, and response -- Overview -- Reporting of suspected releases -- Release investigation and confirmation -- Initial release response -- Initial abatement measures -- Initial site characterization -- Free product removal -- Investigations for soil and groundwater cleanup -- Reporting and cleanup of spills and overfills -- Corrective action plan -- Evolving approach to petroleum UST cleanups -- UST fields initiative and recycling abandoned gas stations (RAGS) -- Closure of UST systems -- Temporary closure -- Permanent closure/change-in-service -- Financial responsibility requirements -- Applicability and compliance dates -- Amount and scope of financial responsibility required -- Allowable financial responsibility mechanisms -- Available state UST cleanup funds -- Reporting and record keeping requirements -- Conclusion -- Research sources -- 5: Clean Air Act -- Overview -- CAA regulatory programs -- Air quality regulation -- New source control programs -- Specific pollution problems -- Operating permit program -- Enforcement of the CAA -- Civil enforcement -- Criminal penalties -- Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 -- Compliance audits -- Enforcement priorities -- Legislative proposals -- CAA reauthorization -- Climate change -- Conclusion -- Research sources -- 6: Clean Water Act -- Overview -- Brief history of the CWA -- Clean water act goals and policies -- Elements of the CWA -- Discharge prohibition -- Addition -- Pollutant -- Point source -- Navigable waters ("waters of the United States") -- NPDES permit program -- What is an NPDES permit? -- What discharges require an NPDES permit? -- State and federal roles -- Permit process -- NPDES permit conditions -- Monitoring requirements -- Effluent limitations -- Storm-water discharges -- Combined sewer overflows and sanitary sewer overflows -- Thermal discharges -- Ocean discharges -- Pretreatment program -- General prohibitions -- Specific prohibitions -- National categorical standards -- Removal credits -- Local limits -- Pretreatment program enforcement -- Non point-source discharges -- Section 319 program -- Coastal zone management program -- National estuary program -- Dredge and fill permits -- Waters within the scope of the program -- Covered activities -- Individual permits -- Mitigation policy -- Nationwide permits -- Potential liabilities under the section 404 program -- Preventing, reporting, and responding to spills -- Spill prevention -- Spill notification -- Spill response and liability -- Enforcement -- Federal and state roles -- Enforcement theories -- Defenses -- Enforcement options -- Administrative order -- Civil judicial enforcement -- Criminal enforcement -- Citizen suits -- Research sources -- 7: Oil Pollution Act -- Overview -- Background -- Title I:Oil pollution liability and compensation -- Definitions -- Elements of liability -- Standard of liability -- Removal costs and spill response -- Compensatory damages -- Interest -- Natural resource damages -- NRDA regulations -- Application of NRDA regulations -- Defenses to liability -- Third-party liability -- Limits on liability -- Standard for limiting OPA liability -- Specific liability limits -- Adjustment of liability limits -- Recovery by a foreign claimant -- Recovery by a responsible party -- Contribution and indemnification -- Oil spill liability trust fund -- Principle sections -- Preservation of state funds -- Funding of the fund -- Uses of the fund -- Claims -- Designation of the source and advertisement -- Procedure -- Financial responsibility -- Calculation of financial responsibility amounts -- Methods of demonstrating financial responsibility -- Role of the guarantor -- Vessels -- Financial responsibility regulations for vessels -- Financial responsibility for facilities -- Subrogation -- Litigation and jurisdiction -- Jurisdiction -- Limitations -- Relationship to other laws -- Preservation of state oil spill liability law -- Preservation of federal laws -- Federal preemption under the Locke case -- Title 2: Conforming amendments -- Title 3: International oil pollution prevention and removal -- Title 4: Prevention and removal -- Subtitle A: Prevention -- Licensing requirements and drug and alcohol testing -- Foreign tank vessel manning standards -- Tank vessel manning -- Marine casualty reporting -- Pilotage and tug escort requirements -- Studies and regulations (sections 4107-4113) -- Double-hull requirements for tank vessels -- Subtitle B: Removal -- Federal removal authority -- State and local removal authority -- Responder immunity -- National planning and response system -- Vessel and facility response plans -- Subtitle C: Penalties -- CWA criminal penalties -- Civil penalties -- Title 7: Research and development program -- Research sources -- 8: Safe Drinking Water Act -- Perspectives on water -- Objectives of the SDWA -- Who are the regulators? -- Who are the regulated? -- Basic scheme of regulation -- Radiouclides -- Sulfate -- Disinfectants and disinfection byproducts rule -- Surface water treatment rule -- Ground water disinfection rule -- Filter backwash recycling rule -- Lead/copper rule -- Arsenic -- Perchlorate -- Judicial review of MCLs -- Periodic review of NPDWRs -- Enforcement of the SDWA -- Public notice requirements -- State enforcement -- EPA enforcement -- Citizen's suits -- Preemption -- Criminal matters -- Utility enforcement -- Alternatives to strict compliance -- Variances -- Small system variances -- Exemptions -- Monitoring relief -- Litigation -- Information collection rule -- Consumer confidence reports -- Funding opportunities -- Other provisions -- Lead -- Operator certification -- Capacity -- Underground water protection -- Tampering -- Coolers -- Bottled water -- Monitoring of unregulated contaminants -- Conservation -- Volatile organic compounds -- Record and access -- Occurrence database -- Source water quality assessment -- Related requirements -- Compliance and claims -- Security issues -- Conclusion -- Research sources. 9: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, And Liability Act -- Introduction -- CERCLA's history and objectives -- Overview of CERCLA's provisions -- Super fund -- Sources of CERCLA law -- Important CERCLA terms -- Hazardous substance and pollutant or contaminant -- Release or threat of release -- Facility or vessel -- Environment -- National priorities list -- National contingency plan -- CERCLA's remedial provisions -- EPA's authority to act -- Categories of response actions -- Steps in the remedial process -- CERCLA's liability provisions -- Overview -- CERCLA's operative concepts -- EPA's enforcement policy -- Identifying responsible parties -- Response cost recovery actions -- CERCLA section 106 abatement actions -- CERCLA section 106 administrative orders -- Defenses to liability -- Citizen suit provisions -- Natural resources damages -- Contribution actions -- Settlements with EPA -- Overview -- Controlling authority -- Consent decrees and consent orders -- Major settlement issues -- Release reporting requirements -- Federal facilities -- Super fund's future -- Research sources -- 10: National Environmental Policy Act -- Overview -- NEPA's development -- Legislative history -- Policy and goals -- Council on environmental quality -- Requirements for federal agencies -- CEQ regulations -- Relationship to other federal laws -- Functional equivalency -- Strategic approaches to NEPA compliance -- Non-major actions (categorical exclusions) -- Formulating the proposal -- Purpose and need -- Integrating long-range planning and NEPA -- Tiering -- Environment assessments -- EIS preparation -- Lead agency -- Scoping and early coordination -- Use of the EA and applicant's information -- Delegation -- Content of EIS -- Commenting and public involvement -- Mitigation of impacts -- Proposals for legislation -- Cumulative effects -- Supplemental statements -- NEPA's extraterritorial application -- Environmental justice -- EPA review and comment -- Judicial review of NEPA -- CEQ study of NEPA's effectiveness -- NEPA task force -- Adaptive management -- NEPA and transportation -- Participating agencies -- Coordination plan required -- Purpose and need statement -- Environmental review process -- Statute of limitations on challenges -- Delegation of categorical exclusions -- Conclusion -- Research sources -- 11: Toxic Substances Control Act -- Introduction -- Activities subject to TSCA -- Manufacture -- Process -- Use -- Distribute -- Dispose -- TSCA inventory -- Initial compilation of the inventory -- Inventory corrections -- Maintaining and updating the inventory database -- How to use the inventory -- New chemical review -- PMN requirements -- Exclusions from PMN requirements -- Exemptions from PMN requirements -- Nanotechnology -- Preparing the PMN and seeing it through EPA -- Manufacturer's PMN selection strategy -- Minimizing delays -- Avoiding unnecessary regulation under TSCA section 5 -- EPA's review of the PMN and use of checklists -- Regulation of new chemicals and uses -- EPA regulation under TSCA section 5(e) -- EPA regulation under TSCA section 5(f) -- Significant new use rules -- Biotechnology -- 1986 framework for regulation of biotechnology products -- Guidance documents on PMN submission for biotechnology products -- EPA biotechnology PMN review process -- EPA's biotechnology policy: the final rule -- Testing under TSCA -- Selection of chemicals for testing -- Testing triggers -- Tests and studies under TSCA section 4 -- Exemptions from testing -- Reimbursements procedures -- Judicial review -- TSCA section 4(f) Findings of significant risk -- Reporting and retention of information -- TSCA section 8(a): Reports -- TSCA section 8(c): Records of significant adverse reactions -- TSCA section 8(d): Health and safety studies -- TSCA section 8(e): Substantial risk information -- Existing chemical regulation -- Procedures and standards for TSCA section 6 regulation -- Chemical-specific regulations -- Relationship between TSCA and other laws -- Federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act (FIFRA) -- Federal food, drug, and cosmetic (FDCA) -- TSCA's relationship to other federal laws -- TSCA preemption of state and local laws -- TSCA inspections and enforcement -- Inspections -- Civil penalties -- Settlement procedures -- Administrative hearings -- Criminal liability -- Citizen actions and petitions -- Importation and exportation -- Import regulation: TSCA section 13 -- Export regulation: TSCA section 12 -- TSCA reform -- Potential reform models -- Research sources -- 12: Pesticides -- Background to the federal regulation of pesticides -- Overview -- Early efforts at pesticide regulations -- Pesticide regulation transferred to the environmental protection agency -- Overview of FIFRA and amendments -- Background to FIFRA and the 1972 FEPCA -- Subsequent FIFRA amendments: an overview -- Pesticide registration -- Definition of pesticides, pests, and devices -- Pesticide registration procedures -- Conditional registration -- Streamlining of reregistration -- Registration of "me-too" pesticides -- Registration fees -- Categorical pesticide review -- Efficacy -- Modifications and transfers of registrations -- Trade secrets -- Featherbedding or "me-too" registrants -- Essentiality in registration -- Control over pesticide usage -- Statutory basis for control over pesticide usage through certification -- Self-certification of private applicators -- Experimental use permits -- Two-house congressional veto over EPA regulations -- Removal of pesticides from the market -- Cancellation -- Suspension -- Misbranding and stop-sale orders -- International effect of EPA cancellations -- Disposal and recall -- Compensation for canceled pesticides -- Balancing test in FIFRA -- Requirements of consultation by EPA with the USDA -- Economic impact on agriculture statement -- Scientific advisory committees -- Administrative and judicial review -- Scope of the administrator's flexibility -- Standing for registration, appeals, and subpoenas -- Judicial appeals -- Role of the public hearings -- Role of state and localities -- Intrastate registrations -- Greater state authority -- Federal preemption and state authority -- Litigation issues -- Basic cases -- Labels in theory and practice -- Fraudulent registrations -- Coming litigation -- Exports and imports -- Amendments to FIFRA -- Need for FIFRA renewal -- Hogtie the EPA: 1975 amendments to FIFRA -- Data compensation changed: 1978 amendments to FIFRA -- Two-house veto: 1980 amendments to FIFRA -- FIFRA lite: 1988 amendments to FIFRA -- Minor pesticide uses: 1990 amendments to FIFRA -- Bye-bye Delaney: 1996 amendments to FIFRA -- Fees and timetables: 2003 PRIA amendments to FIFRA -- Food quality protection act of 1996 -- Regulatory dilemma under the Delaney clause -- Demise of Delaney -- Public health pesticides -- Infants and children -- Human test data -- Other provisions of FQPA -- Pesticide regulation under other federal statutes -- Pesticides under FDCA -- Clean air act of 1970 and it progeny -- Federal water pollution control act of 1972 -- Solid waste disposal acts -- Occupational safety and health act -- Federal hazardous substances act -- Federal pesticide monitoring programs -- National environmental policy act -- Biotechnology -- Promise and fear of biotechnology -- Initial controversy over regulating biotechnology -- Frankenfood enforcement -- Research sources. 13: Pollution Prevention Act -- Overview -- Federal pollution prevention strategy -- Background -- EPA's pollution prevention strategy -- EPA's pollution prevention programs in the 1990s -- EPA's pollution prevention programs after 2000 -- State pollution prevention programs -- Mandatory waste reduction programs -- Multimedia permit programs and other regulatory innovations -- Voluntary technical assistance programs -- Conclusion -- Research sources -- 14: Emergency Planning And Community Right-to-Know Act -- Background -- Emergency planning and notification -- State commissions, planning districts, and local committees (section 301) -- Substances and facilities covered and notification (section 302) -- Comprehensive emergency response plans (section 303) -- Emergency notification in the event of a release (section 304) -- Emergency training and review of emergency systems (section 305) -- Reporting requirements -- Material safety data sheet reporting requirements (section 311) -- Hazardous chemical inventory form reporting requirements (section 312) -- Toxic chemical release reporting requirements (section 313) -- Common EPCRA compliance errors -- Relationship to other laws (section 321) -- Pollution prevention act of 1990 -- Trade secrets (sections 322 and 323) -- Public access to information (section 324) -- Enforcements (section 325) -- Emergency planning violations -- Emergency notification violations -- Section 311 Reporting violations -- Section 312 and 313 Reporting violations -- Section 322 and 323 Trade-secret violations -- Civil actions (section 326) -- Citizen suits -- State or local government suits -- Costs -- Federal acquisition and community right to know -- Internet development and TRI reporting -- Research sources -- 15: Occupational Safety And Health Act -- Overview -- Comparison of OSHA and EPA -- OSHA, the organization -- Legislative framework -- Purpose of the act -- Coverage of the act -- Exemptions from the act -- Telecommuting and home workplaces -- Scope of OSHA standards -- Areas covered by the OSHA standards -- Overview of standards -- Overview of health standards -- Overview of safety standards -- Standard setting -- Consensus standards: section 6(a) -- Standards completion and deletion processes -- Permanent standards: section 6 (b) -- Emergency temporary standards -- General duty clause, 5(a)(1) -- Feasibility and the balancing debate -- Variances -- Temporary variances -- Permanent variances -- Compliance and inspections -- Field structure -- Role of inspections -- Training and competence of inspectors -- Citations, fines and penalties -- OSHA citation and penalty patterns -- Communicating and enforcing company rules -- Warrant less inspections: the Barlow case -- Recordkeeping -- Accident reports -- Monitoring and medical records -- Hazard communication -- Access to records -- Programmatic standards -- Refusal to work and whistle-blowing -- Refusal to work -- Protection of whistle-blowing -- Federal and state employees -- Federal agencies -- State employees -- State OSHA programs -- Concept -- Critiques -- Consultation -- Education -- Alliances -- Overlapping jurisdiction -- OSHRC -- OSHRC appeal process -- Limitations of the commission -- NIOSH -- In theory -- In practice -- Hazard communication regulation -- Reason for the regulation -- Scope and components -- Hazard evaluation -- Trade secrets -- Federal preemption controversy -- Ergonomics issues -- Background -- Scope of the problem -- Scope of the standard -- Legislation -- 16: Environmental Management Systems And Environmental Law -- Overview -- Legal relevance of environmental management systems -- Overview -- EMS, enforcement discretion, and penalty mitigation -- EMS and regulatory initiatives -- Broader context -- International considerations -- Environmental management systems -- Review of selected provisions of an effective EMS from a legal perspective -- Conclusion -- Research sources -- Index. From the Publisher: The latest edition of the reliable handbook supplying accurate and relatively jargon free environmental compliance information. The 15 legal contributors cover obligations related to the major environmental, health, and safety laws currently on the books, including the clean air and water acts, the pollution act, safe drinking water, toxic substance control, pesticides, the national environmental policy act, emergency planning, and the compensation and liability act. This new edition also provides an overview of the fundamentals of environmental law, and the enforcement and liability issues central to criminal prosecution.-Book News. |
