| Contents Notes |
Principles of Integrated Urban Water Management -- Sustainable Urban Water Management -- Source Characterization -- Receiving Water and Other Impacts -- Collection Systems -- Assessment of Stormwater Best Management Practice Effectiveness -- Stormwater Storage-Treatment-Reuse Systems -- Urban Stormwater and Watershed Management: A Case Study -- Cost Analysis and Financing of Urban Water Infrastructure -- Institutional Arrangements -- Principles of Integrated Urban Water Management / James P. Heaney -- The Neighborhood Spatial Scale -- Trends in Urbanization -- Historical Patterns -- Impact of the Automobile -- Impact of Subdivision Regulations -- Contemporary Neighborhoods and Urban Sprawl -- Historical Infrastructure Development Patterns -- Interceptor Sewers and Urban Sprawl -- Federal Housing and Urban Development Programs -- Federal Transportation Programs -- Summary of the Impacts of Federal Urban Programs -- Possible New Approaches -- Neo-traditional Neighborhoods -- Related EPA Activities Dealing with Urban Growth Patterns -- Green Development -- Studies of Chesapeake Bay -- Brownfield Redevelopment -- Sustainability Principles for Urban Infrastructure -- Sustainability and Optimal Size of Infrastructure Systems -- Models for Evaluating Future Infrastructure -- Research Initiatives Related to Urban Infrastructure -- Transportation/Land Use Strategies to Alleviate Congestion -- Projected Future Trends -- Origins of Stormwater in Urban Areas -- Rainfall-Runoff Relationships at the Neighborhood Scale -- Previous Studies of Imperviousness -- Sources of Urban Runoff -- Categories of Urban Catchments -- How Imperviousness Varies for Different Types of Urban Developments -- Pre-Automobile Neighborhoods -- Imperviousness in Pre-Automobile Era -- Pre-Expressway Neighborhoods -- Results for Pre-Expressway Era -- Post-Expressway Neighborhoods -- General Conclusions Regarding the Effect of Changing Land Use -- Components of Urban Land Use and Stormwater Problems -- Streets and Highways -- Street Classification and Utilization -- Recommendations for Residential Streets -- Streets and Stormwater Runoff -- Parking -- Lot Size -- Dwelling Unit Footprint -- Covered Porches and Patios -- Garages and Carports -- Driveways -- Attached, Front Facing Garage -- Attached, Side or Rear Facing Garage -- Detached Garage in Rear of Lot -- Pervious Area on Property -- Alleys -- Sidewalks -- Curb and Gutter and Swales -- Planting Strip Between Street and Sidewalk -- Overall Right of Way -- Will Americans Reduce Auto Use? -- Sustainable Urban Water Management / James P. Heaney, Len Wright, David Sample -- Systems View of Urban Water Management -- Sustainability Principles of Urban Water Infrastructure -- Urban Water Budget -- Literature Review -- Dry Weather Urban Water Budget -- Indoor Urban Residential Water Use -- Toilet Flushing -- Clothes Washing -- Showers and Baths -- Faucet Use -- Dishwashers -- Water Use for Cooling -- Outdoor Urban Residential Water Use -- Infiltration and Inflow -- Summary of Sources of Dry-Weather Flow into Sanitary and Combined Sewers -- Quantities of Precipitation in Urban Areas -- Results of Water Budget Case Studies -- Arizona -- Germany -- Melborne, Australia -- Adelaide, Australia -- Simulated Monthly Urban Water Budgets for Denver and New York -- General -- Water Use -- Indoor Water Use -- Outdoor Water Use -- Total Water Use -- Wastewater -- Stormwater Runoff -- Summary Water Budgets -- Future Urban Water Scenarios -- Source Characterization / Robert Pitt -- The Source Concept -- Sources and Characteristics of Urban Runoff Pollutants -- Chemical Quality of Rocks and Soils -- Street Dust and Dirt Pollutant Sources -- Characteristics -- Street Dirt Accumulation -- Washoff of Street Dirt -- Observed Particle Size Distributions in Stormwater -- Atmospheric Sources of Urban Runoff Pollutants -- Source Area Sheetflow and Particulate Quality -- Source Area Particulate Quality -- Warm Weather Sheetflow Quality -- Other Pollutant Contributions to the Storm Drainage System -- Sources of Stormwater Toxicants -- Analyses and Sampling -- Potential Sources -- Results -- Receiving Water and Other Impacts / Robert Pitt -- Desired Water Uses versus Stormwater Impacts -- Toxicological Effects of Stormwater -- Ecological Effects of Stormwater -- Fate of Stormwater Pollutants in Surface Waters -- Human Health Effects of Stormwater -- Groundwater Impacts from Stormwater Infiltration -- Constituents of Concern -- Nutrients -- Pesticides -- Other Organics -- Pathogenic Microorganisms -- Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Compounds -- Salts -- Recommendations to Protect of Groundwater During Stormwater Infiltration -- Collection Systems / James P. Heaney, Len Wright, David Sample -- Problems Commonly Associated with Present Day Collection Systems -- Combined Sewer Systems -- Inflow and Infiltration -- Inflow -- Infiltration -- Inflow/Infiltration Analysis and Design Challenges -- Sanitary Sewer Overflows -- Separate Stormwater Collection Systems and Nonpoint Sources -- Solids and Their Effect on Sewer Design and Operation -- Predicting Pollutant Transport in Collection Systems -- Characteristics and Treatability of Solids in Collection Systems -- Innovative Collection System Design -- The State of the Art -- Current Innovative Technologies -- Review of Case Studies -- Data Management, SCADA, Real Time Control -- Sanitary Sewer Technology -- Vacuum Sewers -- Low Pressure Sewers -- Small-Diameter Gravity Sewers -- Black water/Gray water Separation Systems -- Waste/Source Separation -- Composting -- Combined Systems for the Future? -- Future Directions: Collection Systems of the 21st Century -- Future Collection System Scenarios -- High Density Areas -- Suburban Development -- Assessment of Stormwater Best Management Practice Effectiveness / Ben Urbonas -- Objectives in the Use of Best Management Practices for Stormwater Quality Management -- Nonstructural Best Management Practices -- Structural Best Management Practices -- Minimized Directly Connected Impervious Area -- Water Quality Inlets -- Infiltration Practices -- Filter Basins and Filter Inlets -- Swirl-Type Concentrators -- Extended Detention Basins -- Retention Ponds -- Wetlands -- Stormwater Quality Management Hydrology -- An Assessment of Best Management Practice Effectiveness -- Non-Structural Best Management Practices -- Pollutant Source Controls -- Public Education and Citizen Involvement Programs -- Street Sweeping, Leaf Pickup, and Deicing Programs -- Local Government Rules and Regulations -- Elimination of Illicit Discharges -- Structural Best Management Practices: Design Considerations -- Local Climate -- Design Storm -- Nature of Pollutants -- Operation and Maintenance -- On-Site or Regional Control -- Structural Best Management Practices: Performance -- Minimized Directly Connected Impervious Area -- Grass Swales -- Grass Buffer Strips -- Porous Pavement -- Percolation Trenches -- Infiltration Basins -- Media Filter Basins and Filter Inlets -- Water Quality Inlets -- Swirl-Type Concentrators -- Extended Detention Basins -- Retention Ponds -- Wetlands -- Summary on Best Management Practice Effectiveness -- Nonstructural Best Management Practices -- Structural Best Management Practices -- The Definition of Effectiveness -- Research and Design Technology Development Needs -- Design Robustness -- Runoff Impacts Mitigation -- Summary of the Usability of the Evaluated BMPs -- Stormwater Systems of the Future -- Use of Combined Wastewater and Storm Sewer Systems -- Use of Separate Stormwater Systems -- Stormwater Storage-Treatment-Reuse Systems / James P. Heaney, Len Wright, David Sample -- Stormwater Treatment -- Effect of Initial Concentration -- Effect of Change of Storage -- Effect of Mixing Regime -- Effect of Nature of the Suspended Solids -- Essential Features of Future Wet-Weather Control Facilities -- High-Rate Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants -- Stormwater Reuse Systems -- Previous Studies -- Estimating the Demand for Urban Irrigation Water -- Urban Water Budgets -- Water Budget Concepts -- Methods of Analysis -- Results -- Urban Stormwater and Watershed Management: A Case Study / James P. Heaney, Len Wright, David Sample -- Watershed Planning Methodologies -- Contemporary Principles of Watershed Management -- American Water Resources Association -- Water Environment Federation -- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -- Case Study of Urban Stormwater Management within a Watershed Framework -- Hydrology -- Precipitation Analysis -- Streamflow Stations -- North Boulder Creek -- Middle Boulder Creek -- South Boulder Creek -- Groundwater -- Land Use and Growth Management in Boulder Valley -- Relative Importance of Urban Land Use -- Water Management Infrastructure -- Storage -- Canals -- Control Works -- Pipelines -- Imports and Exports -- Current Water Management System -- Water Quantity -- Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Return -- Agricultural Water Supply -- Flood Control -- Greenway Program -- Hydropower -- In-stream Flow Needs -- Importation of Water -- Overall Water Budget for Boulder -- Sinks -- Annual Water Budget -- Monthly Water Budget -- Daily Water Budget -- Hourly Water Budget -- Conclusions Drawn from the Water Budget -- Urban Stormwater Quality -- Stormwater Pollution in Boulder -- Agricultural Water Quality -- Forest Fires -- Highway Runoff -- Mining Runoff -- Urban Stormwater Quality -- Recreation and Water Quality in Boulder Creek -- Wastewater Characteristics -- Removal Efficiencies -- Sanitary Sewer Overflows -- Overall Receiving Water Quality Impacts -- Upper Section -- Boulder Creek Immediately Above the City -- Middle Section -- Boulder Creek at 28th St -- Lower Section -- Boulder Creek Below 75th St -- Risk-Based Analysis of Urban Runoff Quality -- Covariance Between Concentration and Flow -- Covariance Between Upstream Flow and Urban Runoff Cost Analysis and Financing of Urban Water Infrastructure / James P. Heaney, David Sample, Len Wright -- Demand for Water Infrastructure -- Effect of Density on Imperviousness -- Effect of Density on Pipe Length -- Water Supply -- Wastewater -- Stormwater -- Optimal Scale of the Urban Water System -- Costs of Infrastructure Components -- Cost of Piping -- Cost of Treatment -- Cost of Storage -- Summary of Costs for Urban Stormwater Systems -- Financing Methods -- Tax Funded System -- Service Charge-Funded System -- Exactions and Impact Fees -- Special Assessment Districts -- Conclusions on Finance -- Institutional Arrangements / Jonathan Jones, Jane Clary, Ted Brown -- Existing Models of Stormwater Management Institutions -- Required Characteristics of Stormwater Management Institutions -- Specific Issues to Be Addressed by Stormwater Management Institutions -- Financing -- Staffing: Interdisciplinary Approach -- Administrative Authority -- Regulatory Flexibility -- Clear Regulations and Standards -- Legal Challenges -- Regional Solutions -- Total Risk Management -- Maintenance -- Monitoring/Evaluation -- Modeling and Performance Auditing -- Nonstructural Source Control Strategies -- Retrofitting -- Technology Transfer -- Guidance for Practices Such as Riparian Corridor Preservation and Restoration -- Public Involvement and Education -- Principles of Integrated Urban Water Management -- Sustainable Urban Water Management -- Source Characterization -- Receiving Water and Other Impacts -- Collection Systems -- Assessments of Stormwater Best Management Practices Technology -- Stormwater Storage-Treatment-Reuse Systems -- Urban Stormwater and Watershed Management: Case Study -- Cost Analysis and Financing of Urban Water Infrastructure -- Institutional Arrangements -- Innovative Stormwater Management in New Development: Planning Case Study / Brian W. Mack, Michael F. Schmidt, Michelle Solberg -- The Master-Planning Process -- Program Goals -- Flood Control -- Water Quality Control -- Ecosystem Management -- Levels of Service -- Methodology -- Stormwater Modeling -- Hydrologic Model -- Hydraulic Model -- Water Quality Model -- Hydrologic Parameters -- Subbasin and Hydrologic Unit Areas -- Rainfall Intensities and Quantities -- Rainfall for Water Quality Modeling -- Rainfall for Runoff Modeling -- Soil Types and Capabilities -- Overland Flow Parameters -- Land Use and Impervious Areas -- Hydraulic Parameters -- Structures/Facilities -- Stage-Area Relationships -- Stage and Discharge Data -- Floodplains and Floodways -- Water Quality Parameters -- Selection of Water Quality Loading Factors -- Identification of Pollutants -- Selection of Stormwater Pollution Loading Factors -- Land Use Load Factors -- Open/Nonurban Land Use Load Factors -- Water Bodies -- Major Roads -- Recommendation of Stormwater Pollutant Loading Factors -- Delivery Ratio/Travel Time -- Point Source Discharge -- Best Management Practice Pollutant Removal Efficiencies -- Surface Water Quality Classifications -- Historical Water Quality Monitoring Data -- Evaluation of Best Management Practices -- Best Management Practices Considerations -- Alternative Best Management Practices -- Structural Stormwater Controls -- Nonstructural Source Controls -- Operation and Maintenance (O&M) -- Regional versus Onsite Structural Best Management Practices -- Onsite Approach -- Regional Approach -- Best Management Practices Implementation Considerations -- Recommended Best Management Practices -- Pretreatment Best Management Practices -- Minimization of Directly Connected Impervious Area -- Landscaped Swales and Grass-Lined Swales -- Curb Connections to Swales -- Capture Ratios of Swales -- Oil-Water Separators -- Sediment Forebays -- Source Reduction -- Wet Detention Location and Sizing Criteria -- Regional Facility Location Criteria -- Regional Facility Sizing Methodology -- Live Pool Volume -- Live Pool Volume Bleed-Down Requirements -- Permanent Pool Volume -- Flood Control Requirements -- Regional Stormwater System Review Considerations -- Water Quality Results -- Scenarios -- Future Land Use with Recommended Best Management Practices -- Water Quantity Results -- Model Calibration -- Level of Service and Problem Area Definitions -- Water Quantity Evaluation of Existing PSWMS -- Proposed Regional Wet Detention Facilities -- Use of Existing Borrow Pits as Stormwater Facilities -- Flood Control Benefits -- Recommendations -- Capital Improvement Program for Structural Controls -- Review of Factors -- Technical Feasibility and Reliability -- System Maintainability -- Sociopolitical Acceptability -- Economics -- Environmental Consistency -- Financial Ability -- CIP Summary -- Project Phasing -- Operation and Maintenance -- Nonstructural Controls -- Monitoring -- Recommended Monitoring Program -- Rainfall -- Water Quality -- Water Quantity -- Mosquito Control. And conclusion / James P. Heaney, Robert Pitt and Richard Field -- Appendix: Innovative stormwater management in new development: planning case study / Brian W. Mack, Michael F. Schmidt and Michelle Solberg |
