The authors recognize that careful examination of the costs and benefits of further policy action, and of incentives as a way to achieve policy goals, is needed in each case to identify cost-effective program designs and efficient program targets. Because further evaluation is needed, this report does not endorse any of the incentives it describes. The authors hope that this report will encourage more focused study and discussion of these and other incentives. This report reflects what has been learned from EPA's past analyses of incentive approaches, and is intended to encourage new efforts toward creative use of incentives. They encourage debate on these ideas, as well as suggestions for other applications of incentives. Incentives addressed include municipal solid waste incentives, global climate change incentives, water resource incentives, and multimedia incentives.