This study provides a comparison of the resource and environmental implications of using a variety of refillable and nonrefillable containers for the delivery of fluid milk. The study uses a resource and environmental profile analysis to compare the resource inputs and environmental outputs of each of the systems evaluated. Resource inputs are raw materials, energy and water. Environmental outputs are industrial solid waste, atmospheric emissions, waterborne wastes, and postconsumer solid waste. The study compares milk delivered in paperboard cartons, nonrefillable plastic bottles, refillable plastic bottles, refillable glass bottles, and plastic pouches.