Background -- The Challenges and Opportunities -- Imaging of CNS Systems: Importance for Drug Development -- Imaging Approaches -- Anatomical Imaging: Volumetric Analysis -- Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Drug Development -- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Drug Development -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pharmacological Systems -- Molecular Imaging: Basic Approaches -- Chemical Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: The Basics -- Imaging CNS Drug Action -- Animal Imaging -- Incorporating Functional MRI into Clinical Pharmacology Trials -- Imaging Placebo Responses in the Brain -- Structural Imaging of Drug Actions in Neurodegenerative Diseases -- Molecular Imaging of the CNS: Drug Actions -- Imaging CNS Disease States -- Translational MRI in CNS Drug Discovery -- In Vivo Mouse Imaging and Spectroscopy in Drug Discovery -- Neuroimaging in Understanding Chronic Pain Mechanisms and the Development of New Therapies -- Neuroimaging Human Drug Addiction -- Anxiety: Uncover Roles of Stress Related Genes by Imaging Genetics -- Imaging CNS Disease States: Alzheimer's Disease -- Brain Development and CNS Plasticity -- Imaging in CNS Disease States: PTSD -- Integrative Processes -- Integrative Processes: Neuroscience Clinical Imaging Biomarkers -- Reasons to Believe: The Potential of Imaging in CNS Drug Development. Imaging is a key area of translational research that provides a unique bridge from the laboratory to the clinic as the same techniques and technologies can applied across the various phases of drug development. Neuroimaging is now central to research and drug development in the neurosciences since it can be used to detect the pharmacological and physiological consequences of drug action within the living brain. Today neuroimaging is used primarily as a biomarker to help optimize our decision-making processes. Neuroimaging tools and technologies can be used to select drug candidates, confirm they engage their targets, link occupancy to biology and then, in a translational fashion, be used to help design the best clinical studies that truly test therapeutic hypotheses. Topics covered include: The role of imaging in drug development Imaging approaches including structural, functional, molecular and chemical imaging Imaging drug action including neuroreceptor mapping to examine drug occupancy characteristics, the involvement of specific neurotransmitter systems in CNS diseases and mechanisms of action Functional mapping to provide pharmacodynamic evidence of central activity, "CNS fingerprinting" of the neuroanatomy of drug effects and disease drug interactions Imaging disease states in preclinical and clinical domains Neuroimaging today is all about the need to identify the best molecules, doses and hypotheses to advance into later stage long term extensive clinical trials that can often be confounded by high placebo response rates. Better decision making in early development allows resources to be focused on the drug candidates and therapeutic hypotheses that have the highest probability of success so that we can bring medical advances to patients as quickly as possible. Imaging in CNS Drug Discovery and Development was written by a group of preeminent international experts in the field of imaging.