| Contents Notes |
1. Introduction to Biological Markers. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Diagenesis, Catagenesis, Metagenesis, and Biodegradation. 1.2. Organic Chemistry. 1.2.1. Alkanes--the sigma bond. 1.2.2. Alkenes--the pi bond. 1.2.3. Aromatics--benzene. 1.2.4. Structure notation. 1.2.5. Acyclic alkanes. 1.2.6. Cyclic alkanes. 1.2.7. The "isoprene rule" 1.2.8. Stereochemistry and nomenclature. 1.2.9. Stereoisomerization. 1.2.10. Stereochemistry of selected biomarkers. 1.3. Examples of Biomarkers, Their Abundance, and Precursors. 1.3.1. Bacteriohopane. 1.3.2. Cholestane. 1.3.3. Porphyrins and acyclic diterpanes -- 2. Fundamentals of Biomarker Separation and Analysis. 2. Fundamentals. 2.1. Supporting Geochemistry. 2.2. Organization of the Chevron Biomarker Laboratory. 2.3. Sample Availability, Quality, and Selection. 2.3.1. Rock Samples. 2.3.2. Oil Samples. 2.4. Sample Cleanup and Separations. 2.4.1. Column chromatography (cleanup). 2.4.2. High-performance liquid chromatography (separation). 2.4.3. Internal standards and preliminary analyses. 2.5. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. 2.5.1. Gas chromatography in GCMS. 2.5.2. Mass spectrometry in GCMS. 2.5.3. GCMS operating modes. 2.5.4. Mass spectra, compound identification, and quantitation. 2.5.5. Examples GCMS data problems. 2.5.6. Error analysis -- 3. Guidelines to Interpretation. 3. Guidelines. 3.1. Correlation, Source, and Depositional Environment. 3.1.1. Concepts. 3.1.2. Nonbiomarker parameters for correlation, source, and depositional environment. 3.1.3. Biomarker parameters for correlation, source, and depositional environment. 3.1.4. Geochemical characteristics of petroleum from carbonate versus shale source rocks. 3.1.5. Marine versus terrestrial organic matter input. 3.2. Maturation. 3.2.1. Concepts. 3.2.2. Nonbiomarker maturity parameters. 3.2.3. Criteria for ideal biomarker maturity parameters. 3.2.4. Biomarker maturity parameters. 3.3. Biodegradation. 3.3.1. Concepts. 3.3.2. Nonbiomarker biodegradation parameters. 3.3.3. Biomarker biodegradation parameters. 3.3.4. Effects of biodegradation on determination of maturity and correlation -- 4. Problem Areas and Further Work. 4. Problem areas. 4.1. Migration. 4.2. Kinetics. 4.3. Correlation. 4.3.1. Test for indigenous bitumen. 4.3.2. Hydrous pyrolysis of immture[sic] source rocks. 4.4. Isotopic Signatures of Individual Biomarkers. 4.5. Age Determinations from Biomarkers. 4.6. Source Input and Depositional Environment. |
