Opening Session -- Keynote Presentations -- Conservation of Biodiversity, Cultural and Natural Heritage in Drylands -- Dryland Hydrology and Watershed Management -- Monitoring and Forecasting of Dryland Ecosystem Dynamics -- Sustainable Land Use and Agriculture -- Disaster and Risk Management in Drylands -- Policy, Governance and Socio-economic Dynamics in Changing Drylands -- Viable Dryland Livelihood and Policy Options -- Education and Knowledge Sharing in Drylands -- Closing Session. Drylands have been cradles to some of the world's greatest civilizations, and contemporary dryland communities feature rich and unique cultures. Dryland ecosystems support a surprising amount of biodiversity. Desertification, however, is a significant land degradation problem in the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions of the world. Deterioration of soil and plant cover has adversely affected 70% of the world's drylands as a result of extended droughts as well as mismanagement of range and cultivated lands. The situation is likely to worsen with high population growth rates and accompanying land-use conflicts. The contributions to The Future of Drylands - an international scientific conference held under the leadership of UNESCO - address these issues and offer practical solutions for combating desertification along with conserving and sustainably managing dryland ecosystems. Major themes include the conservation of dryland biological and cultural diversity and the human dryland interface. This volume documents how our improved understanding of drylands provides insight into the health and future prospects of these precious ecosystems that should help ensure that dryland communities enjoy a sustainable future.