From Th1/Th2 Pardigm to Th17 cells: Le Roi est Mort, Vive le Roi -- Th17 Cytokines: Characteristics, Regulation, Biological Function -- TGF-beta and Th17 cells -- A Pleiotropic Cytokine and Th17 cells -- Apoptosis and Th17 cell Differentiation -- IL-1 and Innate Immunity in the Differentiation of Th17 cells. Negative Regulation of Th17 Differentiation -- Signal Transduction in Th17 cell Differentiation -- Structure and IL-17 Receptor Signaling -- Trafficking Receptors and Migration of Th17 cell Subsets -- Plastic T cells: Recycling Effector Functions -- Human Th17 cells -- Th17 Cytokines in Primary Mucosal Immunity -- Th17 cells and IL-23 in Gut Inflammation -- The Roles of IL17A and IL17F in Mucosal Infection and Allergy -- Th17 cells in Fungal Infections -- IL-17 cells in Organ Transplantation Rejection and Tolerance -- Th17 cells, Proteins Associated with Th17 Polarization, and their Role in Graft versus Host Disease -- Interplay of Pathogenic Th1/Th17 cells and Regulatory T cells in Auto-immune Disease: A tale of Yin and Yang -- The Role of Interleukin-17 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- IL-17 in B cell Biology and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- IL-17 and Th17 cells in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis -- The Role of IL-23/Th17 Immune Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Arthritis -- The Roles of IL-22 and its Related Family Members in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis -- Th17 Pathway in Psoriasis and INflammatory Skin Diseases -- Th17 cells in the Tumor Micro-environment -- IL-17-producing NKT cells in Airway Inflammation -- IL-17-producing T cells in Auto-immune Disease. "About 25 years ago, Mosmann & Coffman introduced the TH1 / TH2 paradigm of T helper cell differentiation which helped explain many aspects of adaptive immunity from eliminating intracellular versus extracellular pathogens to induction of different types of tissue inflammation. However, TH1 / TH2 paradigm could not adequately explain development of certain inflammatory responses which provided impetus for the discovery of a new subset of T cells called TH17 cells. After the discovery of differentiation and transcription factors for TH17 cells, it was clear that TH17 cells represent an independent subset of T cells with specific functions in eliminating certain extracellular pathogens, presumably not adequately handled by TH1 or TH2 cells. The major role of TH17 cells has been described in inducing auto-immune tissue inflammation. The discovery of TH17 cells has expanded the TH1 / TH2 paradigm, and the integration of TH17 cells with TH1 and TH2 effector T cells is beginning to explain the underlying mechanisms of tissue inflammation in a number of infections and auto-immune disease settings." - From Chapter One by Vijay K. Kuchroo, Harvard University, USA "The recently identified Interleukin 17 (IL-17) cytokine family contributes to immunity to infectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases. Further studies on the regulation and function of this important cytokine family may provide better understanding on the roles of the IL-17 family in immune-mediated diseases; such knowledge may lead to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of several inflammatory diseases." - From Chapter Two by Chen Dong, University of Texas and MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA