In 2000, an EPA Science Advisory Board (SAB) published a report entitled 'Toward Integrated Environmental Decision-Making' (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2000) and pointed to EPAs outstanding need to assess cumulative, aggregate risks; to consider a broader range of options for managing or preventing risks; to make clear the role of societal (public) values in deciding what to protect; to clarify the trade-offs (including costs and benefits) associated with choosing some management scenarios and not others; and to evaluate progress toward desired environmental outcomes. The SAB suggested a Framework for Integrated Environmental Decision-Making that adopts an interdisciplinary approach that combines deep understanding of environmental science with theory and empirical methods in behavioral and decision science.