| Contents Notes |
Introduction -- Overview of the Honey Bee / J. Pettis -- Overview of Non-Apis Bees / M. Vaughan, B.E. Vaissière, G. Maynard, M. Kasina, R.C.F. Nocelli, C. Scott-Dupree, E. Johansen, C. Brittain, M. Coulson, and A. Dinter -- Overview of Protection Goals for Pollinators / T. Moriarty, A. Alix, and M. Miles -- Overview of the Pesticide Risk Assessment and the Regulatory Process / C. Lee-Steere and T. Steeger -- Problem Formulation for an Assessment of Risk to Honey Bees from Applications of Plant Protection Products to Agricultural Crops / D. Fischer, A. Alix, M. Coulson, P. Delorme, T. Moriarty, J. Pettis, T. Steeger, and J.D. Wisk -- Assessing Exposure of Pesticides to Bees / J.D.Wisk, J. Pistorius, M. Beevers, R. Bireley, Z. Browning, M.P. Chauzat, A. Nikolakis, J. Overmyer, R. Rose, R. Sebastien, B.E. Vaissière, G. Maynard, M. Kasina, R.C.F. Nocelli, C. Scott-Dupree, E. Johansen, C. Brittain, M. Coulson, A. Dinter, and M. Vaughan -- Assessing Effects Through Laboratory Toxicity Testing / J. Frazier, J. Pflugfleder, P. Aupinel, A. Decourtye, J. Ellis, C. Scott-Dupree, Z. Huang, H. Thompson, P. Bachman, A. Dinter, M. Vaughan, B.E. Vaissière, G. Maynard, M. Kasina, E. Johansen, C. Brittain, M. Coulson, and R.C.F. Nocelli -- Assessing Effects Through Semi-Field and Field Toxicity Testing / J. Pettis, I. Tornier, M. Clook, K. Wallner, B. Vaissiere, T. Stadler, W. Hou, G. Maynard, R. Becker, M. Coulson, P. Jourdan, M. Vaughan, R.C.F. Nocelli, C. Scott-Dupree, E. Johansen, C. Brittain, A. Dinter, and M. Kasina -- Overview of a Proposed Ecological Risk Assessment Process for Honey bees (Apis mellifera) and Non-Apis Bees / A. Alix, T. Steeger, C. Brittain, D. Fischer, R. Johnson, T. Moriarty, E. Johansen, F. Streissel, R. Fischer, M. Miles, C. Lee-Steere, M. Vaughan, B. Vaissiere, G. Maynard, M. Kasina, R.C.F. Nocelli, C. Scott-Dupree, M. Coulson, A. Dinter, and M. Fry -- Ecological Modeling for Pesticide Risk Assessment for Honey Bees and Other Pollinators / V. Grimm, M.A. Becher, P. Kennedy, P. Thorbek, and J. Osborne -- Data Analysis Issues / W. Warren-Hicks -- Risk Mitigation and Performance Criteria / E. Johansen, M. Fry, and T. Moriarty -- Recommendations for Future Research in Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators -- Appendix 1. Elements for a Chronic Adult Oral Toxicity Study -- Appendix 2. Elements of a Larval Study -- Appendix 3. Elements of Artificial Flower Test -- Appendix 4. Elements of the Visual Learning Test -- Appendix 5. Foraging Behavior with Radio Frequency Identification -- Appendix 6. Detailed Description of the Proposed Overall Risk Assessment Scheme. Pollinators play a vital role in ecosystem health and are essential to ensuring food security. With declines in both managed and wild pollinator populations in recent years, scientists and regulators have sought answers to this problem and have explored implementing steps to protect pollinator populations now and for the future. Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators focuses on the role pesticides play in impacting bee populations and looks to develop a risk assessment process, along with the data to inform that process, to better assess the potential risks that can accompany the use of pesticide products. Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators opens with two chapters that provide a biological background of both Apis and non-Apis species of pollinators. Chapters then present an overview of the general regulatory risk assessment process and decision-making processes. The book then discusses the core elements of a risk assessment, including exposure estimation, laboratory testing, and field testing. The book concludes with chapters on statistical and modeling tools, and proposed additional research that may be useful in developing the ability to assess the impacts of pesticide use on pollinator populations. Summarizing the current state of the science surrounding risk assessment for Apis and non-Apis species, Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators is a timely work that will be of great use to the environmental science and agricultural research communities. |
