The missions of Biotechnology Research at Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) are to apply biological processes to the production and utilization of fossil energy and related products and to determine ways of accelerating the natural processes by which biological entities can help reduce contaminants in gas, oil, coal, and water. Biotechnology research at IGT resulted in the development of several processes and the accumulation of extensive experience and expertise. The following are some of the ongoing and recently completed biotechnology research programs at IGT: Molecular biological enhancement of coal biodesulfurization; Removal of organic sulfur from coal; Microbial desulfurization and denitrification of oil shales; Biological removal of heavy metals from wastewater; Methane production from community wastes; Methane enrichment from anaerobic digestion of biomass.