General aspects of Complex Artificial Environments -- The Scope of Complex Artificial Environments -- Recognition of Natural and Artificial Environments by Computers: Commonalities and Differences -- Visualization in Spatial Modeling -- Transferring Concepts for Urban Modeling: Capture or Exchange? -- Specific experiences -- Design Issues to be Considered for Development of an Object-Oriented System for 3D Geovisualization: The Aalborg Experience -- Complex Artificial Environments - ESLab's Experience -- Urban simulation models -- Geosimulation and its Application to Urban Growth Modeling -- Geographic Automata Systems and the OBEUS Software for Their Implementation -- The CityDev Project: An Interactive Multi-agent Urban Model on the Web -- Modeling Multi-scale Processes in a Cellular Automata Framework -- Cognition and VR -- Multi-Agent Models of Spatial Cognition, Learning and Complex Choice Behavior in Urban Environments -- Cognition and Decision in Multi-agent Modeling of Spatial Entities at Different Geographical Scales -- Cognitive Modeling of Urban Complexity -- Navigation in Electronic Environments -- Enhancing the Legibility of Virtual Cities by Means of Residents' Urban Image: a Wayfinding Support System -- Small World Modeling for Complex Geographic Environments -- Planning -- Planning and Designing with People -- Planning Support Systems Evolving: When the Rubber Hits the Road. This book explores the possibilities of applying the theories of complexity and self-organization developed to account for various phenomena in the natural science to artifacts traditionally the realm of humanities and social sciences. The emphasis of this volume is on the development of cities and the impact of these methods on urban simulation methods.