Part A Basics and Computer Science Modeling of Geographic Information.- Mathematics and Geostatistics.- Databases.- Encoding of Geographic Information.- Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Part B Geographic Information Geographic Information Systems (GIS).- Change Detection.- Geodesy.- Data Capture and Geosensor Networks.- Geometry, Topology and Graph Theory.- Portrayal and Cartography.- Geospatial Metadata.-Standards for Geographic Information.- Web Mapping and Web Cartography.- Geospatial Semantic Web.- Registration of Geospatial Information Elements.- Security for Geospatial Information Systems Part C Applications Ubiquitous Geographic Information.- Legal, Law, Cadastre -- Spatial Planning.- Location Based Services.- Movement Analysis in Spatio-Temporal Data -- Marine Geographic Information Systems.- GIS in Agriculture.- GIS in Defense.- GIS for Transportation -- GIS in Geology.- GIS in Energy and Utilities.- GIS in Health and Human Services.- Open Source GIS -- Open Source Tools for Environmental Modeling Glossary of ISO Terms -- Acknowledgements -- About the Authors -- Subject Index. Computer science provides a powerful tool that was virtually unknown three generations ago. Some of the classical fields of knowledge are geodesy (surveying), cartography, and geography. Electronics have revolutionized geodetic methods. Cartography has faced the dominance of the computer that results in simplified cartographic products. All three fields make use of basic components such as the Internet and databases. The Springer Handbook of Geographic Information is organized in thre parts, Basics, Geographic Information and Applications. Some parts of the basics belong to the larger field of computer science. However, the reader gets a comprehensive view on geographic information because the topics selected from computer science have a close relation to geographic information. The Springer Handbook of Geographic Information is written for scientists at universities and industry as well as advanced and PhD students.