Introduction: Systematics, Evolution, and Classification -- Systematics as Problem-Solving -- The Archetype -- Ernst Haeckel and Systematische Phylogenie -- The German Development of Morphology: From Ernst Haeckel to Willi Hennig -- Pattern Cladistics -- Homologues and Homology -- Discovering Homologues -- Homology and Systematics -- Homology and Transformation -- Character Conflict -- The Analyses of Relationships -- Biogeographical Relationships, Evolution, and Classification. This volume draws attention to the seminal studies and important advances that have shaped systematic and biogeographic thinking and continue to influence its direction today. It traces concepts in homology and classification from the 19th century to the present through the provision of a unique anthology of scientific writings from Goethe, Agassiz, Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Owen, Naef, Zangerl and Nelson, among others. In addition, current attitudes and practices in comparative biology are interrogated, particularly in relation to evolutionary studies leading to a re-statement of the principal aims of the discipline. In order to alert prospective students to pitfalls common in systematics and biogeography, the book highlights three principal messages: biological classifications and their explanatory mechanisms are separate notions; most, if not all, homology concepts pre-date the works of Darwin; and that the foundation of all comparative biology is the concept of relationship - neither 'similarity' nor 'genealogical hypotheses of descent' are sufficient. Foundations of Systematics and Biogeography is an ideal volume for students, academics, researchers and professionals in the fields of systematics, biogeography, evolutionary biology and palaeontology.