Quaternary Environments and Demographic Response -- Tracking the Origin and Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia -- The Red Sea, Coastal Landscapes, and Hominin Dispersals -- Pleistocene Climate Change in Arabia: Developing a Framework for Hominin Dispersal over the Last 350 ka -- Environment and Long-Term Population Trends in Southwest Arabia -- Genetics and Migration -- Mitochondrial DNA Structure of Yemeni Population: Regional Differences and the Implications for Different Migratory Contributions -- The Arabian peninsula: Gate for Human Migrations Out of Africa or Cul-de-Sac? A Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeographic Perspective -- Bayesian Coalescent Inference from Mitochondrial DNA Variation of the Colonization Time of Arabia by the Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) -- Pleistocene Archaeology -- Acheulean Landscapes and Large Cutting Tools Assemblages in the Arabian peninsula -- A Middle Paleolithic Assemblage from Jebel Barakah, Coastal Abu Dhabi Emirate -- Paleolithic Stone Tool Assemblages from Sharjah and Ras al Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates -- The Central Oman Paleolithic Survey: Recent Research in Southern Arabia and Reflection on the Prehistoric Evidence -- The Middle Paleolithic of Arabia: The View from the Hadramawt Region, Yemen -- The "Upper Paleolithic" of South Arabia -- The Late Pleistocene of Arabia in Relation to the Levant -- The Early Holocene -- Holocene (Re-)Occupation of Eastern Arabia -- Early Holocene in the Highlands: Data on the Peopling of the Eastern Yemen Plateau, with a Note on the Pleistocene Evidence -- Southern Arabia's Early Pastoral Population History: Some Recent Evidence -- Archaeological, Linguistic and Historical Sources on Ancient Seafaring: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Early Maritime Contact and Exchange in the Arabian Peninsula -- Holocene Obsidian Exchange in the Red Sea Region -- Synthesis and Discussion -- The Paleolithic of Arabia in an Inter-regional Context. The contemporary deserts of Arabia form some of the most dramatic arid landscapes in the world; yet, during many times in the past, the region was well-watered, containing evidence for rivers and lakes. Climatic fluctuations through time must have had a profound effect on human population that lived and passed through the region. In this book, paleoenvironmental specialists, archaeologists and geneticists are brought together to provide a comprehensive account of the evolution of human populations in Arabia. A wide range of topics are explored in this book, including environmental change and its impact on human populations, the movement and dispersal of populations through the region, and the origin and spread of food producing economies. New theories and interpretations are presented which provide new insights into the evolution of human populations in a key region of the world.