The Ecosystem (Reserva Biológica San Francisco) -- Mountain Rain Forests in Southern Ecuador as a Hotspot of Biodiversity - Limited Knowledge and Diverging Patterns -- The People Settled Around Podocarpus National Park -- Ecuador Suffers the Highest Deforestation Rate in South America -- Methodological Challenges of a Megadiverse Ecosystem -- Gradients in Ecosystem Analysis -- Investigating Gradients in Ecosystem Analysis -- The Investigated Gradients -- The Altitudinal Gradient -- Climate -- Soils Along the Altitudinal Transect and in Catchments -- Flora and Fungi: Composition and Function -- Flora and Fungi: Composition and Function -- Flora and Fungi: Composition and Function -- Flora and Fungi: Composition and Function -- Flora and Fungi: Composition and Function -- Fauna: Composition and Function -- Fauna: Composition and Function -- Fauna: Composition and Function -- Fauna: Composition and Function -- Water Relations -- Nutrient Status and Fluxes at the Field and Catchment Scale -- Biotic Soil Activities -- Altitudinal Changes in Stand Structure and Biomass Allocation of Tropical Mountain Forests in Relation to Microclimate and Soil Chemistry -- Stand Structure, Transpiration Responses in Trees and Vines and Stand Transpiration of Different Forest Types Within the Mountain Rainforest -- Plant Growth Along the Altitudinal Gradient - Role of Plant Nutritional Status, Fine Root Activity, and Soil Properties -- Spatial Heterogeneity Patterns - a Comparison Between Gorges and Ridges in the Upper Part of an Evergreen Lower Montane Forest -- The Unique Purdiaea nutans Forest of Southern Ecuador - Abiotic Characteristics and Cryptogamic Diversity -- Climate Variability -- Growth Dynamics of Trees in Tropical Mountain Ecosystems -- Temporal Heterogeneities - Matter Deposition from Remote Areas -- Gradients of Disturbance -- Gap Dynamics in a Tropical Lower Montane Forest in South Ecuador -- Landslides as Important Disturbance Regimes - Causes and Regeneration -- Sustainable and Non-Sustainable Use of Natural Resources by Indigenous and Local Communities -- Natural Forest Management in Neotropical Mountain Rain Forests - An Ecological Experiment -- Permanent Removal of the Forest: Construction of Roads and Power Supply Lines -- Forest Clearing by Slash and Burn -- Gradients of Regeneration -- Gradients and Patterns of Soil Physical Parameters at Local, Field and Catchment Scales -- Visualization and Analysis of Flow Patterns and Water Flow Simulations in Disturbed and Undisturbed Tropical Soils -- Pasture Management and Natural Soil Regeneration -- Succession Stages of Vegetation Regeneration: Secondary Tropical Mountain Forests -- Reforestation of Abandoned Pastures: Seed Ecology of Native Species and Production of Indigenous Plant Material -- Reforestation of Abandoned Pastures: Silvicultural Means to Accelerate Forest Recovery and Biodiversity -- Successional Stages of Faunal Regeneration - A Case Study on Megadiverse Moths -- Synopsis -- Gradients in a Tropical Mountain Ecosystem - a Synthesis. A tropical mountain ecosystem in one of the "hottest" biodiversity hotspots worldwide was investigated by some 30 research teams of numerous disciplines in the natural and social sciences. Ecosystem analysis followed two gradients: an altitudinal gradient and a gradient of land-use intensity and ecosystem regeneration, respectively. This volume addresses a multitude of ecologically relevant aspects: macro- and microclimate; physics, chemistry and biology of soils; water relations, matter turnover and nutrient availability; plant growth and biomass partitioning; floral composition and plant life forms; vegetation structure and dynamics; organismic interactions, diversity and population biology of birds, moths and microarthropods; forest management, and reforestation with indigenous species; ethnobotanical and social aspects. New hypotheses are presented with regard to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, as well as sustainable management of an ecosystem in a biodiversity hotspot.