Vaccinology in Context: The Historical Burden of Infectious Diseases -- Smallpox -- A Brief History of Microbiology and Immunology -- Anthrax -- Rabies -- Killed Vaccines: Cholera, Typhoid, and Plague -- Toxoid Vaccines -- Tuberculosis and BCG -- The Discovery of Viruses and the Evolution of Vaccinology -- Yellow Fever -- Influenza -- Polio -- Measles, Mumps, and Rubella -- Diseases of Military Importance -- Varicella and Zoster -- Polysaccharide Vaccines -- Hepatitis B -- Japanese Encephalitis -- Hepatitis A -- Rotavirus -- Human Papillomaviruses -- The Future of Vaccine Discovery and Development. Recounting the social, cultural, and scientific history of vaccines, Vaccines: A Biography traces the lineage-the 'biography'-of individual vaccines, originating with deeply rooted medical problems, following ideas as they are conceived and developed, leading eventually to practical, preventive solutions to major public health problems in society. Yet these are not 'biographies' in the traditional sense; they do not trace an individual's growth and development. These are epic stories of discovery, of risk-takers. They have all the trappings of fiction: strong protagonists who succeed against sometimes great odds, interpersonal conflicts, deceit, political intrigue, ethical dilemmas, and dramatic, if not staged events. They are set in the major centers of Europe and the United States, on farms and in slums, and in exotic venues from Calcutta to French Indochina to Cairo to Panama. They occur in the halls of academia, research laboratories, the chambers of government, and on the battlefields of war. At its core, Vaccine: A Biography is the history of individuals advancing medical science, in the words of the famous physical scientist Isaac Newton, "by standing on the shoulders of giants".