Two study cases are presented, namely, a land disposal system for Northeast Ohio (Cleveland-Canton) and an ocean disposal system for the Baltimore-Washington region. A systems approach is used, in which collection, transportation, and disposal aspects are examined in light of technical, economic and social requirements. Various transport modes are compared, including pipeline, ocean tankers, railroads, and trucks. To a lesser extent, the study also considers the expansion of such systems to include fly ask and water treatment plant sludge.